Light and Plant Development (Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 30)

350 Pages·2007·2.15 MB·English

by  Garry C. Whitelam

Light and Plant Development
Editedby
GARRYC.WHITELAM
DepartmentofBotany
SchoolofBiologicalSciences
UniversityofLeicester
Leicester
UK
and
KARENJ.HALLIDAY
SchoolofBiologicalSciences
TheUniversityofEdinburgh
Edinburgh
UK

Light and Plant Development

Light and Plant Development
Editedby
GARRYC.WHITELAM
DepartmentofBotany
SchoolofBiologicalSciences
UniversityofLeicester
Leicester
UK
and
KARENJ.HALLIDAY
SchoolofBiologicalSciences
TheUniversityofEdinburgh
Edinburgh
UK
(cid:1)C 2007byBlackwellPublishingLtd
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Firstpublished2007byBlackwellPublishingLtd
ISBN:978-1-4051-4538-1
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Lightandplantdevelopment/editedbyGarryC.WhitelamandKarenJ.Halliday.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN:978-1-4051-4538-1(hardback:alk.paper)
1.Phytochrome. 2.Plants—Photomorphogenesis. 3.Plants—Development.
I.Whitelam,GarryC. II.Halliday,KarenJ.
QK898.P67L542007
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Contents
Contributors xiii
Preface xv
PartI Photoreceptors 1
1 Phytochromes 3
ANDREASHILTBRUNNER,FERENCNAGYAND
EBERHARDSCHA¨FER
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Historicalaspects 3
1.3 PropertiesofphyAinvivo 4
1.4 Propertiesinyeastcells 4
1.5 Invivopropertiesofphytochromes 5
1.5.1 Invivospectroscopy 5
1.6 Intracellularlocalisationofphytochromes 7
1.6.1 Classicalmethods 7
1.6.2 Spectroscopicmethods 7
1.6.3 Cellbiologicalmethods 8
1.6.4 Immunocytochemicalmethods 8
1.6.5 Novelmethods 8
1.7 IntracellularlocalisationofphyBindarkandlight 9
1.8 IntracellularlocalisationofphyAindarkandlight 11
1.9 IntracellularlocalisationofphyC,phyDandphyEindark
andlight 12
1.10 Phytochrome/PIF3co-localisationandnuclearspeckles 12
1.11 Regulationofintracellularlocalisationofphytochromes 13
Acknowledgements 14
References 15
2 Cryptochromes 17
ALFREDBATSCHAUER,ROOPABANERJEEAND
RICHARDPOKORNY
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Cryptochromegenesandtheirevolution 17
2.3 Cryptochromedomains,chromophoresandstructure 20
2.3.1 Domainstructureofthecryptochromes 20
2.3.2 Cryptochromechromophores 21
vi CONTENTS
2.3.3 Photolyaseandcryptochromestructure 22
2.3.3.1 Photolyasestructureandreactionmechanism 22
2.3.3.2 Cryptochromestructure 23
2.4 Cryptochromebiochemistryandspectroscopy 25
2.4.1 Phosphorylation 25
2.4.2 Nucleotide-bindingandkinaseactivity 25
2.4.3 DNA-bindingactivity 26
2.4.4 Electrontransfer 27
2.5 Expressionandbiologicalactivityofcryptochromes 28
2.5.1 Expressionandlightregulationofcryptochromesin
planta 28
2.5.2 Cellularlocalization 31
2.5.3 Growthresponsescontrolledbycryptochromes 31
2.5.4 Regulationofgeneexpressionthroughcryptochromes 33
2.6 Cryptochromesignalling 35
2.6.1 Dimerizationandoutputdomains 36
2.6.2 Cryptochromepartners 38
2.6.2.1 InteractionwithCOP1 39
2.6.2.2 Interactionwithzeitlupe/ADAGIO1 39
2.6.2.3 Interactionwithphytochromes 40
2.6.3 Furtherdownstreamcomponents 41
2.7 Summary 43
Acknowledgements 43
References 43
3 PhototropinsandotherLOV-containingproteins 49
JOHNM.CHRISTIE
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Phototropinsandtheirbiologicalfunctions 50
3.2.1 Physiologicalrolesinhigherplants 50
3.2.2 Physiologicalrolesinlowerplants 52
3.3 Phototropinstructure,localizationandactivity 53
3.3.1 Phototropinstructureandlocalization 53
3.3.2 Phototropinautophosphorylation 55
3.4 LightsensingbytheLOVdomains 57
3.4.1 LOV-domainphotochemistry 57
3.4.2 LOV-domainstructure 59
3.4.3 FunctionalrolesofLOV1andLOV2 60
3.4.4 Light-inducedproteinmovements 62
3.5 Phototropinsignaling 63
3.5.1 Phototropin-interactingproteins 63
3.5.2 Downstreamsignalingtargets 65
3.6 OtherLOV-containingproteins 67
3.6.1 LOV-containingproteinsinArabidopsis 67
3.6.2 LOV-containingproteinsinfungi 70
3.6.3 LOV-containingproteinsinbacteria 72
CONTENTS vii
3.7 Conclusionsandfutureperspectives 73
Acknowledgements 73
References 74
PartII Photoreceptorsignaltransduction 79
4 Phytochrome-interactingfactors 81
PETERH.QUAIL
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Methodology 81
4.2.1 InitialidentificationofPIFs 81
4.2.2 Subsequentassayandcharacterizationofthe
interaction 82
4.2.3 Reversegeneticassessmentoffunctionalrelevanceto
physignalling 83
4.3 phy`-interactors 84
4.3.1 PIF3 84
4.3.2 OtherbHLHtranscriptionfactorsandtheactivephyB
bindingdomain 90
4.3.3 Nucleosidediphosphatekinase2 93
4.3.4 Phytochromekinasesubstrate1 94
4.3.5 Type5proteinphosphatase 94
4.3.6 Proteinphosphatase2A 95
4.3.7 Earlyflowering3 95
4.3.8 Far-redelongatedhypocotyl1 96
4.4 Pre-selectedinteractiontargets 96
4.4.1 Arabidopsisresponseregulator4 96
4.4.2 Zeitlupe 97
4.4.3 Cryptochrome1and2 97
4.4.4 AUX/IAAproteins 98
4.4.5 COP1 98
4.5 Perspective 99
Acknowledgements 100
References 101
5 Phosphorylation/dephosphorylationinphotoreceptorsignalling 106
CATHERINELILLO,TRUDIEALLENANDSIMONGEIR
MØLLER
5.1 Introduction 106
5.1.1 Thephotoreceptorsautophosphorylate,butthe
classicalactivationloopisnotinvolved 107
5.1.2 Phosphatasesinphotoreceptorsignalling 108
5.2 Phytochromes 109
5.2.1 Phosphorylationofphytochrome 109
5.2.2 Phytochromekinasesubstrate1 110
5.2.3 Nucleosidediphosphatekinase2 111
viii CONTENTS
5.2.4 FYPP 112
5.2.5 PAPP5 113
5.3 Cryptochromes 114
5.3.1 Cryptochromephosphorylation 114
5.3.2 PhosphorylationoftheC-terminalendisnecessaryfor
signaltransduction 115
5.4 Phototropins 116
5.5 Isphosphorylation/dephosphorylationimportantfor
downstreamevents? 118
5.5.1 HY5 118
5.5.2 Longhypocotylinfar-redlight 119
5.5.3 Circadianclock-associatedandlateelongated
hypocotyl 119
5.5.4 EID1 120
5.5.5 Aux/IAA 120
5.5.6 PP7 121
5.5.7 Downstreamofphototropin 121
5.6 Conclusions 122
References 123
6 Theroleofubiquitin/proteasome-mediatedproteolysis
inphotoreceptoraction 128
SUHUAFENGANDXINGWANGDENG
6.1 Introduction 128
6.2 Overviewoftheubiquitin/proteasomesystem 129
6.2.1 Ubiquitinconjugationanddeconjugationpathways 129
6.2.2 DiversityofE3Ubligases 130
6.2.3 26Sproteasome 131
6.3 RoleofCOP/DET/FUSproteinsinphotoreceptor-mediated
signaltransductionandubiquitin/proteasome-mediated
proteolysis 132
6.3.1 COP/DET/FUSproteinsintegratedivergent
photoreceptorsignalingpathwaysanddownstream
geneexpression 132
6.3.2 COP1 134
6.3.2.1 LightregulationofCOP1localization 135
6.3.2.2 COP1actsasanE3Ubligase 136
6.3.2.3 InteractionbetweenphotoreceptorsandCOP1 137
6.3.3 CDDcomplex 137
6.3.3.1 COP10isanE2Ub-conjugatingenzyme
variant 137
6.3.3.2 COP10formsacomplexwithDET1and
DDB1 138
6.3.4 COP9signalosome 139
6.3.4.1 CompositionandstructureoftheCOP9
signalosome 139