Table Of Content

Lifestyles and Feeding Biology The Natural History of the Crustacea Series SERIES EDITOR: Martin Thiel Editorial Advisory Board: Geoff Boxshall, Natural History Museum, London, UK Emmett Duffy, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, Gloucester, USA Darryl Felder, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, USA Gary Poore, Victoria Museum, Melbourne, Australia Bernard Sainte-Marie, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Mont-Joli, Canada Gerhard Scholtz, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany Fred Schram, Friday Harbor Marine Laboratory, Seattle, USA Les Watling, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA Functional Morphology and Diversity (Volume 1) Edited by Les Watling and Martin Thiel Lifestyles and Feeding Biology (Volume 2) Edited by Martin Thiel and Les Watling Lifestyles and Feeding Biology The Natural History of the Crustacea, Volume 2 EDITED BY MARTIN THIEL AND LES WATLING 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Cataloging-in-Publication data is on file at the Library of Congress ISBN 978–0–19–979702–8 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper PREFACE In Volume 1 of this series, we asked the authors to examine the diverse array of body morphologies exhibited by crustaceans and to provide insight into the development and function of the various parts of the crustacean body. In this volume, we are taking the functional studies of crustacean morphology one step further by examining the relationship between the diversity of body designs and the life habits of the animals. All animals are functionally constrained to varying extents by their body morphology. These constraints determine where and how a species can live. Burrowers, for example, need to have not only the appendage design required to move sediment particles, but also the appendages required for moving water through the burrow in order to keep the burrow well-oxygenated. Alternatively, the burrower would need to have a respiratory system that allows the animal to live anaerobically, at least for a period of time. Similarly, adaptations for swimming (or perhaps more accurately, for flotation) are critical for plankton dwellers. Such adaptations may comprise of structures that create sufficient drag so that the animal doesn’t sink when it is not propelling itself forward or the ability to alter its metabolism and store lipids so that buoyancy can be maintained. This volume is aimed at providing a broad view of crustacean lifestyles, and, from this van- tage point, increasing our understanding of the significance of features of crustacean morphology. Crustaceans are probably the most diverse of all invertebrate groups, whether insects are included or not. As a result, it would seem that crustaceans should make ideal target organisms for studies of evolutionary development, physiology, or evolutionary ecology and not just phylogeny, as has often been the case in the past. The chapters included here summarize the main ecological details of crustacean lifestyles in all habitat types that crustaceans occupy. In that sense, it is also a modern natural history book, and we hope the stories included will be of interest to crustacean biologists who would like to know more about the animals they study, especially if that study occurs primarily in the laboratory. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, we appreciate very much the efforts of all the authors of chapters in this volume for their dedication to the task of summarizing the lifestyles of the crustaceans of interest to them. We especially thank our editorial assistants, Lucas Eastman and Annie Mejaes, without whose help we would not have been able to complete the task, and also Ivan Hinojosa, for his work design- ing our front cover. The generous contribution from Universidad Católica del Norte continues to be essential for this project—we are grateful for their unconditional support that makes this project possible. We also thank the unnamed colleagues who freely shared their time to provide valuable comments on the chapters in this volume. As usual with a work of this size, the level of effort required to carry it out meant that our families once again had to endure periods of inatten- tion while we put this book together, and for their patience we are very grateful. Finally, we also acknowledge our publisher, Oxford University Press, for its commitment to the project. Editing of this book was generously supported by Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile. vii CONTRIBUTORS EDITORS Paula Beatriz Araujo Martin Thiel Departamento de Zoologia Facultad Ciencias del Mar Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Universidad Católica del Norte Avenida Bento Gonçalves 9500, prédio 43435 Larrondo 1281 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS Coquimbo Brazil Chile R. James A. Atkinson 3 Hill Street Les Watling Largs Department of Biology Ayrshire KA30 8DX University of Hawaii at Manoa Scotland 152 Edmondson Hall UK Honolulu, HI 96822 USA ex University Marine Biological Station Millport AUTHORS Isle of Cumbrae KA28 0EG Shane T. Ahyong Scotland Australian Museum UK 6 College Street Sydney, NSW 2010 J. Antonio Baeza Australia 132 Long Hall Department of Biological Sciences School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Clemson University Sciences Clemson, SC 29634 University of New South Wales USA Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce 701 Seaway Drive Fort Pierce, FL 34949 USA ix