Life History Evolution and Sociology: The Biological Backstory of Coming Apart: The State of White America 1960-2010 PDF
Preview Life History Evolution and Sociology: The Biological Backstory of Coming Apart: The State of White America 1960-2010
Life History Evolution and Sociology StevenC.Hertler Life History Evolution and Sociology The Biological Backstory of Coming Apart: – The State of White America 1960 2010 StevenC.Hertler Psychology CollegeofNewRochelle NewRochelle,NewYork,USA ISBN978-3-319-48783-0 ISBN978-3-319-48784-7(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-48784-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016957386 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto thematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Coverillustration:DétaildelaTourEiffel©nemesis2207/Fotolia.co.uk Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Thisbook isdedicated jointlyto CharlesMurray andAurelio J. Figueredoet al.,who respectivelyproduced thesociological and biological datasetsherein joined. P REFACE Charles Murray’s Coming Apart: The State of White America 1960–2010 documents 50 years of changed college admissions, government incen- tives,matingandmigrationpatternsthathavewroughtnationaldivisions across indexes of marriage, industriousness, honesty, and religiosity. The present paper supplies the evolutionary and genetic framework that Murray, toward the end of his book, predicts will one day explain the revolution in American society he documents. This framework is life historyevolution,asubdisciplinewithinevolutionarybiologysinglycapable ofexplainingwhyviolentcrime,propertycrime,lowmarriagerates,father absence, early birth, low educational achievement, low income, poverty, lackofreligiosity,andreducedachievementstrivingwillreliablyco-occur as part of a complex. This complex augments facultatively, developmen- tally, and evolutionarily in response to unpredictable and uncontrollable sources of mortality. The uncertain tenure of life wrought by unpredict- able and uncontrollable mortality selects for a present-oriented use of bioenergetics resources recognizable as the social ills of Fishtown, Murray’s archetypal working-class community. In turn, the 30 years of lifehistoryliteraturehereinreviewedconfirmsthebiologicallogicofelite intermarriageandsequestration.Thesourceoflifehistoryvariation,policy implications,and demographyisdiscussed. vii C ONTENTS 1 AFault Line FiftyYears inthe Making 1 Notes 4 2 TheBiology of Bifurcation 5 Notes 7 3 LifeHistory Evolution:An ExplanatoryFramework 9 Notes 11 4 Aggregatingthe Biological,Psychological, andSociological 13 4.1 Community and Religiosity 15 4.2 Industry andHonesty 18 4.3 Marriage and ParentalInvestment 21 4.4 Life History asaCorrelated Complex 23 Notes 24 5 Questionsof Etiology,Change, Policy,Mating, andMigration 27 5.1 What DrivesLife HistoryVariation? 27 5.2 How DoLife HistoriesChange inPersonsand Populations? 31 5.3 How Mighta LifeHistory Framework BroadlyInform Policy? 34 5.4 What Isthe Rationalefor Homogamous Mating? 37 ix x CONTENTS 5.5 WhatAretheImplicationsofEliteMigrationandIsolation? 39 Notes 41 6 TheBiologyofSociology:PittingIdeologyAgainstElegance 47 Notes 51 References 53 Index 71 CHAPTER1 A Fault Line Fifty Years in the Making Abstract The American sociologist Charles Murray recently published ComingApart:TheStateofWhiteAmerica1960–2010,abookthatdocu- ments50yearsofchangedcollegeadmissionstandards,governmentincen- tives,matingpractices,andmigrationpatternsthathavewroughtnational divisions across indexes of marriage, industriousness, honesty, and religi- osity. Herein a relevant summary of Coming Apart is supplied, providing readerswithacommonandcurrentunderstandingofthebook’spertinent content.Aswillbeseen,ComingApart’sthesisisthatAmericaiscleaving into separate populations across levels of marriage, industriousness, hon- esty,andothervirtuesputativelyprerequisiteforafunctionalrepublic. Keywords Charles Murray (cid:1) Coming Apart (cid:1) evolutionary psychology (cid:1) cognitiveelite Coming Apart: The State of White America 1960–2010, written by Charles Murray and published in 2012 by the Random House subsidiary Crown Forum,documentsthedivisivestratificationofAmericancultureintolower and upper classes, respectively, represented by Fishtown and Belmont. EnvelopingasmallportionofInterstate95asittracesthePennsylvaniaside oftheDelawareRiver,theportsideneighborhoodofPhiladelphiaknownas FishtownismostextensivelydescribedbyMurrayonpage215.Amongother sources cited by Murray are the studies of local historian Kenneth Milano (2008, 2010) who traces Fishtown’s eponymous origins to an apocryphal commentbyCharlesDickens,andamoreestablishedpracticeofshadfishing ©TheAuthor(s)2016 1 S.C.Hertler,LifeHistoryEvolutionandSociology, DOI10.1007/978-3-319-48784-7_1 2 LIFEHISTORYEVOLUTIONANDSOCIOLOGY byearlyinhabitantsoftheregion.1Whateveritshistory,thispredominately working-class Irish Catholic section of Philadelphia now has low home values, rents that often do not exceed 800 dollars monthly, a median household income below 40,000 dollars annually, and a predominance of persons terminating their education before, or just after, finishing high school.2 Belmont, in contrast, is a wealthy suburb of Boston bordered byCambridge,Watertown,Lexington,andArlington.Originallyunderthe aegis of some of the aforementioned surrounding towns, Belmont transi- tionedfromregiontoincorporatedtowninthelatterhalfofthenineteenth century with the financial assistance of John Perkins Cushing, one of its mostwealthycitizens.Bytheturnofthecentury,farmersandfarmsdecline, being replaced by artists and authors, physicians, and scientists (Belmont Massachusetts2016).Murray(2012)findsthetownmuchthesame.These sameeliteprofessionalsarejoinedbyuniversityprofessors,lawyers,engineers, and a variety of business professionals, making the Baccalaureate common- placeandthemedianhouseholdincomewellmorethansixfigures.Thisisa combinationthenofeducationandwealth.Ratherthanconstitutingaliteral comparative study of these two towns, Coming Apart treats Fishtown and BelmontasexemplarsofadividedAmerica. During the early 1960s, Fishtown and Belmont began diverging, with unprecedented bifurcation and isolation resulting by 2010. Previously, MurrayarguesthattheUnitedStateswassubjecttoasetoffoundingvalues, heldbytheelite,andsharedbythemasses.Astheprologuestresses,choice andmobilityremainedlimitedinthe1960s,suchthatthoseontheupperand lowerendsoftheeconomicladderdidnotdifferentiatethemselvestoexcess, orseparatethemselvesinresidence.Americanssharedtheirculture,listening tomoreorlessthesamemusic,attendingsimilarchurches,mingling,mating, andmarryingoneanother.TheelitedrovecarsmostlyofAmericanmanufac- tureandlivedinhousesnotgrosslymoreexpansiveorexpensivethanthatof yourtraditionalworkingclassfamilydwelling.Importantly,Murraydoesnot contend that American society had been classless, he acknowledges that the richandthepoorsometimeslivedandworshippedindifferentpartsoftown andobserveddifferentcustomsandpractices.Thedifferencebetweenpastand presentisoneofdegree.Atpresent,however,thedegreeofseparation,bothin termsofproximityandacross“corebehaviorsandvalues,”createsanunpar- alleled alienation fatal to cross-class perspective taking, founding American principles, and national unity (Murray 2015). Fishtown and Belmont have diverged like the sciences and humanities,3 with Murray acting the part of C.P.Snow(1993)indocumentingtheseparationandtryingtoslowit.
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