Life histories and descriptions of adults and immature stages of two cryptic species, aciurina ferruginea (Doane) and A. michaeli, new species (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall in southern California

24 Pages·1996·17.8 MB·

by  R D Goeden

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
98(3), 1996, pp. 415-438
LIFE HISTORIES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF ADULTS AND IMMATURE
STAGES OF TWO CRYPTIC SPECIES, ACIURINA FERRUGINEA (DOANE)
AND A. MICHAELI, NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), ON
CHRYSOTHAMNUS VISCIDIFLORUS (HOOKER) NUTTALL IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
RICHARD D. GOEDEN AND JEFFREY A. TEERINK
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A.
Abstract.(cid:8212)Aciurina ferruginea (Doane) and the newly described species, A. michaeli Goe-
den, are sympatric univoltine fruit flies that form different, distinct types of axillary bud galls
on branches of high-elevation plants of Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nuttall in
southern California. Both species heretofore were called A. ferruginea; however, the gall
attributed to this species in the literature in actuality belongs to A. michaeli. Accordingly, the
gall of A. michaeli is smooth and beaked apically; the gall of A. ferruginea is subspheroidal
and covered by many thin, threadlike leaves, its shape apparently unlike other tephritid galls
described to date. The adults of A. michaeli are described as having a wholly dark brown or
dark reddish-brown scutellum that readily distinguishes them from A. ferruginea which have
a yellow or reddish-yellow scutellum. The slightly sexually dimorphic, but otherwise indis-
tinguishable, wing patterns of both species are described and illustrated. The egg, third instar,
and puparium of A. michaeli and A. ferruginea are described, illustrated and compared. The
first and second instars of A. ferruginea also are described and illustrated. The eggs of both
species have long pedicels that allow respiration by embryos within egg bodies buried during
Oviposition in axillary buds covered by resin. The third instar of A. michaeli is pyriform with
abdominal tergites IMI(cid:8212)VI protrudent; the third instar of A. ferruginea is oblong-ellipsoidal.
The prothorax in A. michaeli lacks the verruciform sensilla that circumscribe the prothorax
in A. ferruginea in a single row. The anterior thoracic spiracles in A. michaeli have three or
four papillae; whereas, A. ferruginea have five papillae. The puparium of A. michaeli is pale
yellow; that of A. ferruginea is light to reddish-yellow.
Key Words: Insecta, Aciurina, Chrysothamnus, biology, galls, taxonomy of adults and
immature stages, parasitoids
The five Aciurina spp. (Diptera: Tephrit- ran (Headrick and Goeden 1993), as second
idae) forming galls on Chrysothamnus nau- in a projected series of life histories to in-
seosus (Pallen) Britton and C. viscidiflorus clude at least three more southern Califor-
(Hooker) Nuttall (Asteraceae) in southern nia species of Aciurina. Herein, we distin-
California were studied by us to expand guish a heretofore little known, cryptic,
upon the seminal studies of Wangberg congeneric species of Aciurina that forms
(1981) in Idaho and to clarify certain of his galls on the same host plant as A. ferrugi-
findings as taxonomically interpreted by nea (Doane), that Wangberg (1981) called
Steyskal (1984). This paper follows our *(cid:8220)(cid:8220)Aciurina sp. B(cid:8221) and Steyskal (1984) sug-
published life history of A. thoracica Cur- gested was A. idahoensis Steyskal. The bi-
416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ology and gall of A. ferruginea are rede- held in humidity chambers at room temper-
scribed and the immature stages and adults ature for adult and parasitoid emergence.
of this species and the new species are com- Specimens for SEM later were hydrated to
paratively described. distilled water in a decreasing series of
acidulated EtOH. They were osmicated for
MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 h, dehydrated through an increasing se-
Most field studies were conducted on ries of acidulated EtOH, critically point
Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hooker) Nut- dried, mounted on stubs, sputter-coated
tall (Asteraceae) South of Wongo Peak, with a gold-palladium alloy, and studied
along Horseshoe Meadow Road at Little with a JEOL JSM C-35 SEM in the De-
Cottonwood Creek at 2810-m elevation, partment of Nematology, University of Cal-
Inyo Nat. Forest, Inyo Co., in the southern ifornia, Riverside.
Sierra Nevada Mountains. Samples of Most adults reared from isolated puparia
branches from individual plants that bore were individually caged in 850-ml, clear-
galls of A. ferruginea (as interpreted in the plastic, screened-top cages with a cotton
present paper) during previous years and wick and basal water reservoir and provi-
contained overwintering eggs and larvae sioned with a strip of paper toweling im-
were collected on 14.viii.1993 and pregnated with yeast hydrolyzate and su-
18.1x.1993. Galls containing larvae and pu- crose. These cagings were used for longev-
paria of A. ferruginea were sampled from ity studies and oviposition tests in the in-
the same plants and others at this location sectary of the Department of Entomology,
during April(cid:8212)July, 1991-94. Additional University of California, Riverside, at 25 +
collections of mature galls were made SE 1°C, and 14/10 (L/D) photoperiod. Virgin
of Long Valley at 1730 m, in Kennedy male and female flies obtained from emer-
Meadows at 1830 m, SE of Kennedy Mead- gence vials as well as field-swept adults
ows in Big Pine Valley, and S of Rattle- were paired in clear-plastic petri dishes pro-
snake Meadow at 2160 m during July, 1991 visioned with a flattened, water-moistened
and 1992. All four sites are located in the pad of absorbant cotton spotted with honey
Sequoia Nat. Forest (N section) in Tulare (Headrick and Goeden 1991) for direct ob-
Co. Galls of the new species described servations, videorecording, and _ still-pho-
herein as A. michaeli were principally col- tography of their courtship and copulation
lected under the mistaken belief that they behavior to be reported elsewhere (Head-
belonged to A. ferruginea as studied and its rick and Goeden, unpublished data).
galls and biology described by Tauber and Plant names used in this paper follow
Tauber (1967) and Wangberg (1981). Munz (1974); tephritid names follow Foote
Branch samples bearing eggs and galls et al. (1993). Descriptions of the adults use
were transported in cold-chests in an air- the nomenclature of Foote et al. (1993);
conditioned vehicle to the laboratory and modified elements of the formats of Steys-
stored under refrigeration for subsequent kal (1984), Hernandez O. (1993), and Goe-
dissection, photography, description, and den (1993); and only flies individually
measurement. Twelve and 14 ova dissected reared from galls. Nomenclature used to de-
from mature females, 25 and five larvae, scribe the immature stages follows Goeden
eight and two puparia of A. ferruginea and and Headrick (1990; 1991la, b; 1992),
the new species of Aciurina, respectively, Headrick and Goeden (1990, 1991, 1993),
dissected from galls were preserved in 70% and the telegraphic format of Goeden et al.
EtOH for scanning electron microscopy (1993, 1994a, b). Means + SE are used
(SEM). All other fully grown larvae and throughout this paper. The holotype, allo-
puparia were placed in separate, glass shell type, and four individually reared paratypes
vials stoppered with absorbant cotton and of each sex of the new species, A. michaeli,
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 417
have been deposited in the National Mu- Aciurina in Foote et al. (1993) [couplet 15
seum of Natural History, Smithsonian In- (16) in Steyskal (1984)] enables one to dis-
stitution, Washington, D.C. (USNM). Two tinguish these closely related species (par-
additional, individually reared paratypes of enthesized additions and deletions are those
each sex also were deposited in the collec- of RDG):
tion of the California Academy of Sciences
8. Cell r,,; wholly brown or with small rounded
(CAS). One male and two female paratypes
hyaline spot near wing tip adjacent to vein M;
reared by J. A. Wangberg were deposited in cell c broadly hyaline distally, with transverse
the W. E Barr Entomological Museum median brown bar . . .; cell dm with preapical
(WFBARR), University of Idaho, Moscow, hyaline spot (usually) not extending to veins
at sides of cell (but sometimes barely touch-
along with other material on loan viewed,
ing vein R,,; anteriorly) .............. 8a
confirmed, and identified during the present 8a. Scutellum entirely dark brown or occasion-
study. Seven remaining female paratypes ally dark reddish brown with yellow or red-
and voucher specimens of swept adults of dish yellow apex ..... michaeli Goeden n. sp.
A. michaeli not designated as paratypes and (cid:8212) Scutellum all yellow, reddish-yellow, or broad-
ly so along entire posterior margin
its parasitoids reside in the research collec-
Ara NUa nche Ak A Sts oe audi ferruginea (Doane)
tions of RDG; preserved specimens of lar-
Cell r,,; with preapical hyaline mark occu-
vae and puparia are stored in a separate col- pying at least half of width of cell...,
lection of immature Tephritidae maintained (cid:8212) sometimes with an additional subbasal hya-
by JAT. Two each, individually reared line mark ...; cell c with distal dark area...
or its apex sometimes largely hyaline
males and females of A. ferruginea used for
comparison with A. michaeli were also de- Aciurina michaeli Goeden, NEW SPECIES
posited in the USNM and CAS collections,
Aciurina ferruginea: Tauber and Tauber
and in the James Entomological Collection
1967: 907 (reproductive behavior, biolo-
at Washington State University, Pullman
gy, gall photo). Wangberg 1981: 712(cid:8212)714
(WSUP) in gratitude for the loan of the ho-
(gall description, biology, parasitoids).
lotype of the former species.
Male (Holotype).(cid:8212)Head: Light to gold-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION en yellow; occiput dark brown and covered
with fine grey pollinosity. Three pairs of
Taxonomy
frontal bristles; two pairs of orbital bristles;
Adult.(cid:8212)The new species described be- inner vertical bristles and ocellar bristles
low is very similar to Aciurina ferruginea well developed and light brown; other bris-
in appearance, and probably resides under tles wholly or basally white or light yellow.
this name in most collections, as it did with Thorax: Dark brown, mesonotum cov-
RDG until comparison was made of speci- ered with fine grey pollinosity and many
mens reared from two different morphs of prominent, pale to golden yellow setulae
galls collected together from high-elevation posteriorad as far as and including all but
demes of Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus in shiny, posterior margin of dark brown scu-
the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains. The tellum. Mediotergite dark brown, shiny me-
new species with a mostly dark brown scu- dially, grey pollinose dorsally and laterally.
tellum is readily distinguished from A. fer- All of the following bristles are present and
ruginea which has a yellow or reddish-yel- brown: One pair of postpronotals; scapular
low scutellum. This is the main morpholog- bristles indistinguishable from microtrichia
ical difference between the adults of these or absent; one pair of postsutural dorsocen-
two cryptic species, otherwise distin- trals slightly posteriorad of presutural su-
guished by their distinctive galls. Accord- pra-alars, at one-fourth the distance to the
ingly, the following key to replace couplet supra-alar bristles; two pairs of notopleur-
8 in the key to North American species of als; one pair each of post-alars, intra-alars,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
pal
Fig. 1. Excised right wings of Aciurina michaeli (A) male, (B) female; and A. ferruginea (C) male, (D)
female. Bar = 1 mm.
and acrostichals; scutellum with one pair of marginal incisions, apical incision short and
basal, prominent, scutellar bristles; katepis- hugging vein CuA,, central narrow incision
ternal bristles well developed. Coxae, fem- not reaching CuA,; and prominent basal in-
ora, tibiae, and tarsi yellow; fore femora cision starting at vein A, + CuA, extending
twice as thick as mid- and hind femora and anteriorly to or nearly to CuA).
bearing loose (cid:8220)(cid:8216)comb(cid:8221)(cid:8217) of long, anteroven- Abdomen: Shiny, dark brown, variously
tral setae. Wings (Fig. 1A) mostly dark marked with reddish-brown dorsoanterior-
brown with marginal hyaline incisions and ly; pleura yellow, dark brown ventrally,
internal marks as follows: cell bc wholly epandrium black; tergum sparsely covered
hyaline; cell c broadly hyaline distally, with with fine, light or dark microtrichia.
transverse median brown bar; cell r, with Female (Allotype).(cid:8212)Head: Like c.
two triangular, hyaline spots along costa, Thorax: Like 6d, but mediotergite black.
the proximal spot extending to vein R,,;, Coxae, femora, tibiae, and tarsi reddish-yel-
the distal spot to vein R,,.;; cell r,,; wholly low; fore femora unthickened. Wings like
brown with a distinct bulla; cell dm with 36, but dimorphic, as cell cua, usually with
preapical hyaline spot not extending to vein only one marginal, hyaline incision (Fig.
CuA,, but in right wing, not left wing, just 1B). Abdomen with oviscape shiny black,
touching vein M; cell m with median hya- funnel-shaped, stout.
line, wedge-shaped stripe reaching vein M Variation. Heads of some ¢ paratypes
and sub-basal, wedge-shaped spot two- are fuscous, with reddish-brown or light
thirds as long; cell br with prominent, round brown bristles; posterior orbital bristles
or oval, preapical spot; cell cua, with three sometimes lighter, shorter, and thicker than
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 419
anterior pair. Thorax lengths of 7 d aver- 2690 m, E of Boundary Peak in the White
aged 1.39 + 0.033 (range, 1.30(cid:8212)1.52) mm. Mountains (just E of CA border), Inyo Nat.
Microtrichia, like thorax, sometimes fus- Forest, Esmeralda Co. Nevada; 10.vi.1987;
cous and reaching posteriorly only to base R. D. Goeden, coll.; reared from gall on C.
of scutellum; scutellum of 6 paratype from viscidiflorus mounted with fly (USNM); al-
Idaho reddish-brown with yellow brown lotype, female, same data as holotype
apex. Mediotergite sometimes black; coxae, (USNM). Paratypes: NEVADA: 3 ¢ and 7
femora, tibiae, and tarsi sometimes fuscous. 2; same data as holotype (3 6 and 4 @ to
The distal hyaline spot arising on costa of USNM, 2 2 to CAS). IDAHO: 1 ¢ and 2
2 3 paratypes does not reach vein R,,;; the 2; 15 mi SW Rogerson, Twin Falls Co.;
preapical hyaline spot in cell dm not touch- 25.vii.1975; J. K. Wangberg (717-34); re.
ing vein M in all d paratypes (Fig. 1A). from galls on C. viscidiflorus (galls mount-
Sub-basal hyaline spot in cell m, keyhole- ed with specimens) (WFBARR). Also in-
shaped instead of wedge-shaped in 2 6 dividually reared by R.D.G. and J.A.T. from
paratypes. Central narrow hyaline incision galls on C. viscidiflorus in CALIFORNIA:
in cell m rarely absent. Abdomen also 2 3 and 2 2; Rodeo Flat, 2200 m, Sequoia
wholly dark brown or black dorsally and Nat. Forest, Tulare Co.; 14.vi.1990 (2 ¢ to
yellow, reddish-yellow, or partly black ven- CAS). 1 5 and 3 2; S of Wongo Peak at
trally. Little Cottonwood Creek on Horseshoe
Coloration of 2 paratypes as holotype Meadow Road, 2810 m, Inyo Nat. Forest,
and do paratypes, except scutellum of 1 9 Inyo Co.; 23.vi.1992 (1 d to USNM). 1 &;
from California with reddish-yellow apex; Big Pine Meadow, along Kennedy Meadow
2 2 from Idaho with reddish-yellow scu- Road, Tulare Co.; 14.vi.1993 (remaining 7
tellum, including apex, but reddish-brown 2 paratypes held in research collection of
laterally on posterior margin. Proximal hy- RDG).
aline spot extending only halfway across Additional swept specimens examined
cell r, and distal spot across only anterior and reared specimens mounted without
fourth of same cell in 1 small @ paratype; galls examined and not designated as para-
central incision in cell cua, represented by types, included from CALIFORNIA: 1 <6;
small, hyaline, premarginal spot in 4 @ Mahogany Creek, Sequoia Nat. Forest (N
paratypes. Thorax lengths of 14 2 averaged section), Tulare Co.; 25.vii.1984. 9 3d and
1.66 + 0.05 (range, 1.10(cid:8212)2.00) mm; ovis- 3 2 at 3140 m and 3 6 and 1 & at 3440
capes averaged 0.304 + 0.007 (range, m on White Mountain, Inyo Nat. Forest,
0.275(cid:8212)0.369; n = 13) times as long as rest Inyo Co.; 19.ix.1987. 10 36 and 4 2; above
of abdomen. Tergite (T)1 black, T2 black and W of Wyman Canyon at 3020 m on
anteriorly or T2 to T6 reddish-brown, or T6 White Mountain, Inyo Co., Inyo Nat. For-
with pair of black spots or nearly all black. est; 27.vii.1989. 1 2; N of Mono Lake,
Diagnosis: The main morphological 1990 m, Mono Co.; 31.vii.1992. 1 3d; Mor-
character separating the adults of A. mi- mon Meadow along Clearwater Creek and
chaeli from A. ferruginea is the color of the road to Bowie, 3050 m, Mono Co.;
scutellum as described above. Both species 31.vii.1992. 8 3; S of Wongo Peak at Little
are distinguished from other North Ameri- Cottonwood Creek on Horseshoe Meadow
can species of Aciurina by having cell r,,5 Road, 2685 m, Inyo Co.; 31.vii.1992. 9 3
wholly brown, or according to Foote et al. and 5 2; S of Wongo Peak at Little Cot-
(1993), this cell may sometimes bear a tonwood Creek on Horseshoe Meadow
small rounded hyaline spot near wing tip Road, 2810 m; 17.viii.1994. IDAHO: 1 6;
adjacent to vein M (but see discussion be- 7 mi NW of Weston, Franklin Co.;
low). 3.viii.1958; A. L. Gittens, coll. 7 ¢ and 1
Types: Holotype, male, Middle Canyon, 2; 10 mi S of Gilmore, Lemhi Co.;
420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
24.vii.1959: H. C. Manis, coll. 2 2; 2 mi confirmed that this specimen, which lacks
SW of Rogerson, Twin Falls Co.; an abdomen, right middle leg, and both
28.vii.1965. 1 2; 19 mi W of Swan Valley, hind legs, and from which the right wing
Bonneville Co.; 19.vii.1966; L. S. Hawkins, was removed and slide mounted (Zack
coll. 2 6; 2 mi W of Carey, Blaine Co.; 1984), nevertheless, has a yellow scutellum.
29.vi.1974; L. S. Hawkins, coll. 1 d and 2 Furthermore, the sex of the holotype, which
2: 12.5 mi SE Oakley, Cassia Co.; Doane (1899) noted had (cid:8220)yellow on the
17.vii.1975; J. K. Wangberg (706-34); re. posterior margin of the scutellum(cid:8221), but
from galls on C. viscidiflorus. 4 3 and 1 which lacked an abdomen, probably is a
(probable) 2 (abdomen missing); 7 mi NE male, judging from the three marginal in-
Craters of the Moon Nat. Mon., Butte Co.; cisions present in cell cua, of the left wing
23.vii.1975; J. K. Wangberg (715-34); re. remaining on this specimen [Plate III, Fig.
from galls on C. viscidiflorus. 3 35 and 4 9; 6 in Doane (1899); Zack 1984] and the
20 mi SW Rogerson, Twin Falls Co.; slide-mounted right wing (Zack 1984).
13.vii.1978; J. K. Wangberg (698-34); re. The key character involving scutellum
from C. nauseosus. OREGON: 1 2; Red- color so useful for separating California A.
mond; 6.viii.1939; Schuh & Scott, coll. 1 ferruginea from A. michaeli may show rfe-
6: Klamath Falls; 13.viii.1954; Toby gional variation, as indicated by the three
Schuh, coll. 4 ¢; 2.5 mi E Sheaville, Mal- reared paratypes from Idaho. Also, among
heur Co.; 24.vii.1966 (2 3) and 13.vii.1966 specimens swept from C. viscidiflorus in
(2 5); E. J. Allen, coll. 2 5; Riggins, Idaho southern California 40 keyed to A. ferru-
Co.; 31.vii.1967. WASHINGTON: | 6 and ginea and 55 to A. michaeli (1: 1.4); where-
1 2; 2 mi. E. Washucha, 1000 ft. Adams as, among swept or reared specimens
Co.; 24.viii.1976; W. Turner, coll.; Chrys- mounted without galls in material examined
othamnus. | 2°; Hanford Site, ALE. radio from Idaho, 139 keyed to A. ferruginea but
telescope N46°23.549'W119°35.125(cid:8217), Ben- only 37 to A. michaeli (3.8:1). This pre-
ton Co.; 12.ix.1994; R. S. Zack, coll. 2 3; dominance of A. ferruginea contradicts
Hanford site, ALE. radio telescope, Wangberg(cid:8217)s (1981) description of the galls
N46°23.549'W119°35.125', Benton Co.; of A. michaeli (identified by him as those
18.viii.1994; R. S. Zack, coll. 1 6; Hanford of A. ferruginea) as being (cid:8220)(cid:8220)commonly col-
Site, ALE. Rattlesnake Ridge, spring, lected(cid:8217)(cid:8217); whereas, adults of A. ferruginea
N46°24.391'W119°36.312(cid:8217), Benton Co.; (his Aciurina sp. B) were (cid:8220)(cid:8216). . . rarely reared
19. viii.1994. in the laboratory and not observed in the
Etymology: Aciurina michaeli is named field(cid:8217) and the galls as (cid:8216)(cid:8220)... collected at 3
for my son, Michael, who along with his widely separated localities(cid:8217)(cid:8217) (see further
mother, my wife Joan (Goeden 1993), and discussion below on identity and descrip-
his two sisters (for whom my next two new tions of galls of these tephritids). Future ex-
species will be named), are continuing amination of fly specimens from Idaho and
sources of pride in their accomplishments elsewhere carefully mounted with galls
and the principal foci of my non-entomo- from which each was individually reared,
logical life. as done with specimens from southern Cal-
Discussion: Aciurina michaeli does not ifornia in the present study, may clarify this
belong to the Aplopappi group, i.e. A. mex- issue. That certain Aciurina spp. show re-
icana (Aczél), A. mixteca Hernandez O. gional differences in wing patterns will be
(1993), A. thoracica Curran, and A. aplo- documented in our forthcoming paper on A.
pappi (Coquillett), designated by Steyskal idahoensis (Goeden and Teerink, unpub-
(1984), and adopted by Foote et al. (1993) lished data).
and added to by Hernandez O. (1993). Ex- Examination of the swept specimens de-
amination of the holotype of A. ferruginea scribed above yielded none from California,
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 421
Idaho, Oregon, or Washington with a small Head: As described above for A. mi-
round hyaline spot near the wing tip in cell chaeli, but generally lighter in color with
I,,5 adjacent to vein M, as noted in the keys golden yellow setae and bristles, or the lat-
of Steyskal (1984) and Foote et al. (1993). ter brown.
Specimens bearing this spot probably are Thorax: Thorax of 21 3 averaged 1.54
variants of A. trixa Curran, which Steyskal + 0.02 (range, 1.36(cid:8212)1.68) mm in length; of
(1984) synonymized with A. bigeloviae 14 2, 1.8 + 0.03 (range, 1.66(cid:8212)2.02) mm in
(Cockerell), but Dodson & George (1986) length; dark brown, mesonotum covered
resurrected [correctly so, as the two species with fine grey pollinosity and many, prom-
are, indeed, morphologically and biologi- inent, reddish-yellow or golden setulae pos-
cally distinct, and the former is the most teriorad as far as and including all but pos-
common species on C. nauseosus in south- terior margin of scutellum. Scutellum pale
ern California (Headrick, Goeden, and yellow to reddish-yellow entirely, or at least
Teerink, unpublished data)]. Doane (1899) along its entire posterior margin. Setae as
did not mention or illustrate any such spot, described for A. michaeli. Coxae, femora,
nor does the holotype bear same. However, tibiae, and tarsi yellow or reddish-yellow
two of 41 (5%) swept males from Califor- like A. michaeli. Wings (Fig. 1C, D) as de-
nia did have a small, subbasal hyaline spot scribed for A. michaeli, but pattern more
in cell r,,;. Additionally, in 17 of 41 (40%) uniform throughout individuals examined.
swept specimens from California, including One reared female had a small subbasal hy-
the preceding two males, the preapical hy- aline spot in cell r,,; of one wing. In three
aline spot in cell dm extended to and barely of 31 (14%) swept specimens from Cali-
touched vein M, also contrary to the keys fornia, the preapical hyaline spot in cell dm
of Steyskal (1984) and Foote et al. (1993) extended to and barely touched vein M.
(also see note on this character in the re- Moreover, the apical incision in cell cua,
description of A. ferruginea below). was absent in all 14 reared 2 and all 9
Differences in the immature stages and swept 2 from California. One reared 2 and
galls of A. michaeli and A. ferruginea de- one swept ¢ from California had a central
scribed below further confirm the separate medial incision and the former ¢ had this
identities of these two species. I take this incision reduced to a small hyaline sub-
opportunity to redescribe A. ferruginea marginal dot. Therefore, like A. michaeli,
from a series of 21 ¢ and 14 @ individually this character provides evidence of slight
reared from galls in comparison to the pre- sexual dimorphism in wing patterns, here-
ceding description of A. michaeli to supple- tofore unreported among North American
ment the brief description which Doane Aciurina spp. (Steyskal 1984, Foote et al.
(1899) based on a single damaged speci- 1993), but strongly developed in at least
men. two additional California species currently
under study (Goeden unpublished data).
Aciurina ferruginea (Doane)
Abdomen: Shiny, mostly reddish-yellow,
Aciura ferruginea Doane 1899: 182 (holo- with T5 sometimes wholly or laterally
type, male, WSUP; Pullman, Wash.). black, and epandrium always black, tergum
Aciurina ferruginea (Doane): Curran, 1932: sparsely covered with fine, light or dark mi-
10. crotrichia. Female with oviscape shiny
Aciurina sp. B of Wangberg 1981: 722 (gall black, funnel-shaped, stout, 0.345 + 0.008
photo), 727-728 (host plants, gall de- (range, 0.315(cid:8212)0.380; n = 7) times as long
scription, biology).(cid:8212)Steyskal 1984: 595 as rest of abdomen; T1 to T6 reddish-
(revision). brown.
Tephrella ferruginea (Doane): Bates, 1935: Of 31 3 and 8 @ swept specimens from
109. California, 12 ¢ from White Mountain had
422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
@a08 180.8
8663 166. 6U
Fig. 2. Eggs of Aciurina michaeli and A. ferruginea: (A) egg of A. michaeli, (B) apex of pedicel of A.
michaeli egg, (C) egg of A. ferruginea, (D) apex of pedicel of A. ferruginea egg.
all-black abdomens; whereas, 19 do from domen. The only female swept at the Won-
the study site S of Wongo Peak had abdo- go Peak site was as described above.
mens ranging from all-black to nearly all Comparisons of Immature Stages.(cid:8212)Egg.
reddish-brown except for a black epan- Fifteen ova of A. michaeli (Fig. 2A) were
drium. Therefore, the color of the abdo- white, opaque, smooth; with an elongate-
mens of the males of A. ferruginea like A. ellipsoidal body, 0.60 + 0.004 (range,
michaeli is quite variable. The lack of black 0.56(cid:8212)0.62) mm long, 0.19 + 0.005 (range,
abdomens among reared males of A. fer- 0.16(cid:8212)0.24) mm wide, smoothly rounded at
ruginea from the study site S of Wongo tapered posterior end; and with an elongate,
Peak also indicates that the patterns of color anterior pedicel, 0.46 + 0.016 (range, 0.36(cid:8212)
on their abdomens vary within and among 0.56) mm long, 0.02 mm wide medially,
local fly populations. Five of six females of and 0.04 mm wide at knoblike, anterior
A. ferruginea swept on White Mountain had apex (Fig. 2B). Twenty-five ova of A. fer-
abdomens all reddish-brown except for ruginea with similar habitus (Fig. 2C);
black oviscapes and limited darkening on body 0.62 + 0.006 (range, 0.58(cid:8212)0.66) mm
T1 on two, but the remaining female from long, 0.21 + 0.003 (range, 0.20(cid:8212)0.24) mm
the same mountain had a nearly black ab- wide; pedicels 0.59 + 0.005 (range, 0.54(cid:8212)
VOLUME 98, NUMBER 3 423
0.62) mm long, 0.02 mm wide medially, smooth, minute acanthae ventrally (Fig.
and 0.04 mm wide apically (Fig. 2D). 3D-5); anterior thoracic spiracles dorsola-
These descriptions agree with the photo terad on posterior margin, consisting of
and description of the egg of what Tauber three or four elongate-oval papillae (Fig.
and Tauber (1967) reported as A. ferrugi- 3E); metathoracic lateral spiracular com-
nea, and may, indeed, refer to this species plex consists of an open spiracle (Fig. 3F-1)
because of the mean and ranges for the and a single verruciform sensillum (Fig.
lengths of the pedicel that they reported, i.e. 3F-2); abdominal lateral spiracular complex
0.62 (range, 0.58(cid:8212)0.65; n = 4) mm. How- consists of an open spiracle only; caudal
ever, the eggs of A. ferruginea and A. mi- segment bears the posterior spiracular
chaeli differ strikingly from the short-ped- plates (Fig. 3G); posterior spiracular plates
icelled, partly reticulated egg of A. thora- bear three elongate-oval rimae ca. 0.038
cica described by Headrick and Goeden mm in length (Fig. 3G-1), and four inter-
(1993). As noted above, A. thoracica be- spiracular processes with 1-3 branches
longs to a different species group, the Aplo- each, longest measuring 0.01 mm (Fig.
pappi of Steyskal (1984). The egg body of 3G-2); compound sensilla ventrad of pos-
the stalked egg of Paracantha gentilis Her- terior spiracular plate consist of a stelex
ing (Headrick and Goeden 1990) is twice sensillum (Fig. 3H-1) and a tuberculate,
as long on average, and its pedicel is more medusoid chemosensillum (Fig. 3H-2).
than four times longer (about 2.5 times the Third instar of A. ferruginea superficially
length of its egg body) than eggs of A. fer- smooth, oblong-elliptical, dorsally and ven-
ruginea and A: michaeli. trally rounded, minute acanthae ventrally
Third instar: Third instar of A. michaeli (Fig. 4A); gnathocephalon conical, flattened
superficially smooth, pyriform, tapering an- apically, serrated rugose pads laterad of
teriorly, rounded posteriorly, abdominal mouth lumen (Fig. 4B-1); paired dorsal sen-
segments III-V enlarged dorsally, minute sory organs dorsomediad of anterior sen-
acanthae ventrolaterally along intersegmen- sory lobes, each consisting of a dome-
tal lines (Fig. 3A); gnathocephalon conical, shaped papilla (Fig. 4B-2, C-1); anterior
flattened apically, rugose pads laterad of sensory lobes bear the terminal sensory or-
mouth lumen; elongated petals dorsad of gan (Fig. 4C-2), pit sensory organ (Fig.
mouth lumen (Fig. 3B-1); paired dorsal sen- 4C-3), lateral sensory organ (Fig. 4C-4) and
sory organs dorsomediad of anterior sen- supralateral sensory organ (Fig. 4C-5); sto-
sory lobes, each consisting of a dome- mal sense organs ventrolaterad of anterior
shaped papilla (Fig. 3B-2, C-1); anterior sensory lobes, near the mouth lumen (Fig.
sensory lobes (Fig. 3B-3) bear the terminal 4B-3); lateral (Fig. 4B-4) and ventrolateral
sensory organ (Fig. 3C-2), pit sensory or- sensilla (Fig. 4B-5) located laterad and ven-
gan (Fig. 3C-3), lateral sensory organ (Fig. trolaterad of rugose pads, respectively, each
3C-4), and supralateral sensory organ (Fig. consisting of a verruciform sensillum;
3C-5); stomal sense organs ventrolaterad of mouth hooks tridentate, medial tooth re-
anterior sensory lobes, near mouth lumen duced, teeth stout, conical (Fig. 4D-1); me-
(Fig. 3D-1); lateral (Fig. 3D-2) and ventro- dian oral lobe laterally flattened, tapering
lateral sensilla (Fig. 3D-3) located laterad anteriorly, attached to labial lobe (Fig.
and ventrolaterad, respectively, of the ru- 4D-2); labial lobe bears two pore sensilla
gose pads, each consisting of a verruciform anteriorly (Fig. 4D-3); prothorax smooth,
sensillum; mouth hooks tridentate, teeth minute acanthae ventrally, single row of
conical, sharply curved downward, medial verruciform sensilla circumscribe protho-
tooth reduced (Fig. 3B-4, D-4); median oral rax; anterior thoracic spiracles dorsolateral
lobe laterally flattened, tapering apically, at- on posterior margin, each consisting of five
tached to labial lobe (Fig. 3B-5); prothorax oval papillae (Fig. 4E); meso- and metatho-
424 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Cn
15KU x360° ae
Fig. 3. Third instar of Aciurina michaeli: (A) habitus, anterior to left; (B) gnathocephalon, anterior view,
1(cid:8212)elongated petals, 2(cid:8212)dorsal sensory organ, 3(cid:8212)anterior sensory lobe, 4(cid:8212)mouth hooks, 5(cid:8212)median oral lobe;
(C) anterior sensory lobe, 1(cid:8212)dorsal sensory organ, 2(cid:8212)terminal sensory organ, 3(cid:8212)pit sensory organ, 4(cid:8212)lateral
sensory organ, 5(cid:8212)supralateral sensory organ; (D) gnathocephalon, lateral view, 1(cid:8212)stomal sense organ, 2(cid:8212)
lateral sensillum, 3(cid:8212)ventrolateral sensillum, 4(cid:8212)mouth hooks, 5(cid:8212)minute acanthae; (E) anterior thoracic spiracle;