Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice PDF
Preview Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice
Michael Z. Hauschild Ralph K. Rosenbaum Stig Irving Olsen Editors Life Cycle Assessment Theory and Practice Life Cycle Assessment Michael Z. Hauschild Ralph K. Rosenbaum (cid:129) Stig Irving Olsen Editors Life Cycle Assessment Theory and Practice 123 Editors Michael Z. Hauschild Stig Irving Olsen Department ofManagement Engineering Department ofManagement Engineering Technical University of Denmark Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Kongens Lyngby Denmark Denmark RalphK.Rosenbaum IRSTEA, UMR ITAP,ELSA Research groupandELSA-PACT Environmental andSocial Sustainability Assessment Montpellier France ISBN978-3-319-56474-6 ISBN978-3-319-56475-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56475-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017946049 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface It is an old observation that ‘What gets measured gets managed’, and that what is not measured or measurable runs the risk of being neglected. It is therefore importantthatwehavetoolsforassessingthesustainabilityofourchoiceswhenwe develop the technologies and systems that shall help us determine and meet the needs of the present generations in a way that does not compromise the ability of our descendants to meet their needs in the future. Asyouwilllearnfromthisbook,wemusttakealifecycleperspectivewhenwe wanttoassessthesustainabilityofthesolutionsthatlie infront ofus.Youwillbe presentedwithmanyexamplesofproblemshiftingwheresolutionsthatimproveor solve a targeted problem unintentionally create other problems of environmental, economic or social nature somewhere else in the systems of processes and stake- holdersaffectedbyourchoice.Ifwedonotconsiderthetotalityofthesesystemsin ouranalysis,wewillfailtonoticetheseunwantedconsequencesofourdecisionand we will not be able to take them into consideration. We also have to consider a broad range of potential impacts in our assessment, in fact all those is that the system can contribute to and that we consider relevant in the context of our decision-situation. Life Cycle Assessment, LCA, offers this totality—it analyses the whole life cycle of the system or product that is the object of the study and it covers a broad range of impacts for which it attempts to perform a quantitative assessment. The focus of LCA has mainly been on the environmental impacts although both social andeconomicimpactscanbeincludedaswell.Itisanimportantassessmenttoolas demonstrated by the central role that it has been given in the environmental reg- ulation in many parts of the world and certified by its ISO standardization and the strongincreaseinitsuseoverthelastdecadesbycompaniesfromalltradesandall over the world. Engineersandscientistswhodevelopdecisionsupport,ormakedecisionswhere sustainabilityisaconcern,shouldunderstandtheneedtoviewthesolutionsinalife cycle perspective and to consider possible trade-offs between environmental impacts and between the three sustainability dimensions. Designers and engineers whodesignanddevelopproductsandtechnicalsystemsshouldbeabletocritically v vi Preface readandevaluate lifecycleassessmentinformationaboutthealternatives thatthey areconsidering,andtheenvironmentalsustainabilityspecialistsamongthemshould also be able to perform the LCA studies. Why this Book? It is the purpose of this book to offer the reader the theory and practice of LCA in one volume comprising: (cid:129) A textbook, explaining the LCA methodology and the theory behind it in a pedagogical way with a meaningful balance between depth and accessibility (cid:129) A cookbook offering recipes with concrete actions needed to perform an LCA (cid:129) A repository of information about experience with the use and adaptation of LCA and LCA-based approaches within policy-making, decision support and life cycle engineering and management, and a collection of chapters presenting results and methodological challenges from the use of LCA in some of the central technological application areas of LCA Focus is on environmental impacts but life cycle sustainability assessment is considered through introductory chapters on social LCA and on life cycle costing. Who is the Target Audience? The book was written to support the LCA learning of (cid:129) University students, from undergraduate to Ph.D. level (cid:129) Researchers and (university) teachers (cid:129) Professionals looking to get started on LCA and quantitative (environmental) sustainability assessment (cid:129) LCApractitionerslookingtodeepentheirknowledgeofspecificaspectsofLCA methodology (e.g.uncertainty management)and LCApractice inspecificareas (e.g. electro-mobility, buildings, biomaterials, etc.) and looking for relevant literature for further reading. The structure of the book with separate and comprehensive parts on LCA methodology (theory), LCA cookbook (own practice) and LCA applications (practice of others) allows it to cater to the needs of this rather broad group of potential users. Preface vii Who Wrote the Book? Atotalof68authorscontributedtothewritingofthisbook(seeshortpresentations of contributors at the end of each chapter). The core team consisted of researchers from the division for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment at the Department of ManagementEngineeringattheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,wherethethree editorshaveorhavehadtheiremployment(RalphRosenbaumnowisanIndustrial Chair for Environmental and Social Sustainability Assessment at the French National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture(Irstea)inMontpellier,France).Othercontributionsweresolicitedfrom leading experts within each field from the rest of the world, in particular for dis- cussion of the different applications of LCA. Who made it Possible? Abooklikethisrequiresmuchworkapartfromthewritingofthetextbeforeyour eyes, and it had never reached your hands without the indispensable contributions from staff of the division for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment at the Department of Management Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark. We also wish to thank all contributing authors for their timely and fine contri- butions, their constructive collaboration and not least their patience with a pro- duction process that lasted far beyond what was planned when we started. Wehopethatthisbookwillfindabroadaudienceworldwideandstrengthenthe assessment of sustainability in the future, because what gets measured gets managed… Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Michael Z. Hauschild Montpellier, France Ralph K. Rosenbaum Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Stig Irving Olsen Contents Part I Introduction 1 About This Book... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3 Michael Z. Hauschild, Ralph K. Rosenbaum and Stig Irving Olsen 2 Main Characteristics of LCA.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9 Anders Bjørn, Mikołaj Owsianiak, Christine Molin and Alexis Laurent 3 LCA History .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 17 Anders Bjørn, Mikołaj Owsianiak, Christine Molin and Michael Z. Hauschild 4 LCA Applications .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 31 Mikołaj Owsianiak, Anders Bjørn, Alexis Laurent, Christine Molin and Morten W. Ryberg 5 LCA and Sustainability.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 43 Andreas Moltesen and Anders Bjørn Part II Methodology 6 Introduction to LCA Methodology.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 59 Michael Z. Hauschild 7 Goal Definition .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 67 Anders Bjørn, Alexis Laurent, Mikołaj Owsianiak and Stig Irving Olsen 8 Scope Definition.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 75 AndersBjørn,MikołajOwsianiak,AlexisLaurent,StigIrvingOlsen, Andrea Corona and Michael Z. Hauschild ix x Contents 9 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 117 AndersBjørn,AndreasMoltesen,AlexisLaurent,MikołajOwsianiak, Andrea Corona, Morten Birkved and Michael Z. Hauschild 10 Life Cycle Impact Assessment . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 167 Ralph K. Rosenbaum, Michael Z. Hauschild, Anne-Marie Boulay, Peter Fantke, Alexis Laurent, Montserrat Núñez and Marisa Vieira 11 Uncertainty Management and Sensitivity Analysis. .... ..... .... 271 Ralph K. Rosenbaum, Stylianos Georgiadis and Peter Fantke 12 Life Cycle Interpretation ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 323 Michael Z. Hauschild, Alexandra Bonou and Stig Irving Olsen 13 Critical Review .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 335 Ralph K. Rosenbaum and Stig Irving Olsen 14 Use of Input–Output Analysis in LCA... .... .... .... ..... .... 349 Tuomas J. Mattila 15 Life Cycle Costing: An Introduction .... .... .... .... ..... .... 373 Jan-Markus Rödger, Louise Laumann Kjær and Aris Pagoropoulos 16 Social Life Cycle Assessment: An Introduction.... .... ..... .... 401 Andreas Moltesen, Alexandra Bonou, Arne Wangel and Kossara Petrova Bozhilova-Kisheva Part III Applications 17 Introduction to Part III: Application of LCA in Practice..... .... 425 Ralph K. Rosenbaum 18 Life Cycle Thinking and the Use of LCA in Policies Around the World.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 429 G. Sonnemann, E.D. Gemechu, S. Sala, E.M. Schau, K. Allacker, R. Pant, N. Adibi and S. Valdivia 19 Globalisation and Mainstreaming of LCA.... .... .... ..... .... 465 Arne Wangel 20 Organisational LCA .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 481 Julia Martínez-Blanco and Matthias Finkbeiner 21 Future-Oriented LCA... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 499 Stig Irving Olsen, Mads Borup and Per Dannemand Andersen 22 Life Cycle Management . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 519 Niki Bey 23 Ecodesign Implementation and LCA.... .... .... .... ..... .... 545 Tim C. McAloone and Daniela C.A. Pigosso Contents xi 24 Environmental Labels and Declarations . .... .... .... ..... .... 577 Jeppe Frydendal, Lisbeth Engel Hansen and Alexandra Bonou 25 Cradle to Cradle and LCA.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 605 Anders Bjørn and Michael Z. Hauschild 26 LCA of Energy Systems . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 633 Alexis Laurent, Nieves Espinosa and Michael Z. Hauschild 27 LCA of Electromobility.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 669 Felipe Cerdas, Patricia Egede and Christoph Herrmann 28 LCA of Buildings and the Built Environment. .... .... ..... .... 695 Benjamin Goldstein and Freja Nygaard Rasmussen 29 LCA of Food and Agriculture . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 723 Teunis J. Dijkman, Claudine Basset-Mens, Assumpció Antón and Montserrat Núñez 30 LCA of Biofuels and Biomaterials.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 755 Susanne Vedel Hjuler and Sune Balle Hansen 31 LCA of Chemicals and Chemical Products... .... .... ..... .... 783 Peter Fantke and Alexi Ernstoff 32 LCA of Nanomaterials .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 817 Mirko Miseljic and Stig Irving Olsen 33 LCA of Drinking Water Supply.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 835 Berit Godskesen, Noa Meron and Martin Rygaard 34 LCA of Wastewater Treatment .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 861 Henrik Fred Larsen 35 LCA of Solid Waste Management Systems... .... .... ..... .... 887 IoannisBakas,AlexisLaurent,JulieClavreul,AnnaBernstadSaraiva, Monia Niero, Emmanuel Gentil and Michael Z. Hauschild 36 LCA of Soil and Groundwater Remediation.. .... .... ..... .... 927 Gitte Lemming Søndergaard and Mikołaj Owsianiak Part IV LCA Cookbook 37 LCA Cookbook.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 963 Michael Z. Hauschild and Anders Bjørn Part V Annexes 38 Report Template... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1051 Anders Bjørn, Alexis Laurent and Mikołaj Owsianiak
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