Life - as a matter of fat : the emerging science of lipidomics

273 Pages·2005·5.166 MB·English

by  Ole G. Mouritsen, Ole Mouritsen

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Life–AsaMatterofFat
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Ole G. Mouritsen
LIFE –
AS A MATTER
OF FAT
The Emerging Science of Lipidomics
123
Prof.OleG.Mouritsen
UniversityofSouthernDenmark,MEMPHYS–CenterforBiomembranePhysics,
PhysicsDepartment,Campusvej55,5230OdenseM,Denmark email:[email protected]
SeriesEditors:
Prof.DanielaDragoman
UniversityofBucharest,PhysicsFaculty,SolidStateChair,POBoxMG-11,
76900Bucharest,Romania email:[email protected]
Prof.MirceaDragoman
NationalResearchandDevelopmentInstituteinMicrotechnology,POBox38-160,
023573Bucharest,Romania email:[email protected]
Prof.AvshalomC.Elitzur
Bar-IlanUniversity,UnitofInterdisciplinaryStudies,
52900Ramat-Gan,Israel email:[email protected]
Prof.MarkP.Silverman
DepartmentofPhysics,TrinityCollege,
Hartford,CT06106,USA email:[email protected]
Prof.JackTuszynski
UniversityofAlberta,DepartmentofPhysics,Edmonton,AB,
T6G2J1,Canada email:[email protected]
Prof.H.DieterZeh
UniversityofHeidelberg,InstituteofTheoreticalPhysics,Philosophenweg19,
69120Heidelberg,Germany email:[email protected]
ISSN1612-3018
ISBN3-540-23248-6SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2004115728
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To Myer Bloom, mentor in science and life
Acknowledgments
Theresearchworkunderlyingthepictureoffats,lipids,andmembranesadvo-
catedinthepresentbookderivesfrommanydifferentscientistsandstudents
in several laboratories across the world. The specific examples and data pre-
sentedarehoweverbiasedtowardtheworkcarriedoutbytheauthorandhis
collaborators over the last almost twenty years. Therefore, the book should
not be considered an authoritative monograph but more a personal perspec-
tive on a diverse and rapidly expanding field of science. The work has been
supported by a number of public and private funding agencies, notably the
Danish Natural Science Research Council, the Danish Technical Research
Council, the Danish Medical Research Council via the Center for Drug De-
sign and Transport, the Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation, the Carlsberg
Foundation,theVeluxFoundation,theHasselbladFoundation,andtheDan-
ish National Research Foundation. The author has over the years benefited
from stimulating interaction and fruitful collaboration with a large number
of colleagues and students, in particular from the Center for Biomembrane
Physics (MEMPHYS) and from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Re-
search’s program on the Science of Soft Surfaces and Interfaces under the
directorship of Professor Myer Bloom. The author is greatly indebted to the
following: Thomas Andresen, Luis Bagatolli, Rogert Bauer, Thomas Baek-
mark, Gerhand Besold, Rodney Biltonen, Thomas Bjørnholm, Myer Bloom,
DavidBoal,ThomasHøngerCallisen,RobertCantor,BerndDammann,Jes-
perDavidsen,LarsDuelund,EvanEvans,SvenFrøkjær,TamirGil,Henriette
Gilhøj, Per Lyngs Hansen, Jonas Henriksen, Pernille Høyrup, John Hjort
Ipsen, Ask Jacobsen, Morten Ø. Jensen, Claus Jeppesen, Kent Jørgensen,
Thomas Kaasgaard, Danielle Keller, Lars Kildemark, Dennis Kim, Paavo
Kinnunen,BeateKlo¨sgen,PerKnudsen,MohamedLaradji,ChadLeidy,Jes-
per Lemmich, Ling Miao, Kell Mortensen, Mohan Narla, David Needham,
Morten Nielsen, Jaan Noolandi, Adrian Parsegian, Tina Pedersen, Gu¨nther
Peters, Amy Rowat, Jens Risbo, Mads C. Sabra, Erich Sackmann, Adam C.
Simonsen, Maria M. Sperotto, Jenifer Thewalt, Christa Trandum, Ilpo Vat-
tulainen, Peter Westh, Matthias Weiss, Michael Wortis, and Martin Zucker-
mann. Olaf Sparre Andersen is thanked for collaboration concerning a con-
ference book on which part of Chap. 7 is based. Michael Crawford shared
with me his insight into the relationships between lipids, nutrition, brain
VIII Acknowledgments
evolutionandhumanhealth.IamindebtedtoRodneyCotterillforusefulad-
viseconcerningthebooktitle.FabiennePiegay,LaurenceSideau,andMartin
Bennetzen are thanked for thorough and critical reading of the manuscript.
I have drawn on the help of a number of colleagues and the permission
to use their graphic material for preparing many of the figures of this book.
A list of the sources for the figures is provided at the end. Tove Nyberg has
kindly drawn many of the figures. Jonas Drotner Mouritsen is thanked for
creative suggestions and helpful advice regarding the preparation and design
of many of the illustrations.
The Villum Kann Rasmussen Foundation is gratefully acknowledged for
a generous grant that made it financially possible to arrange for the leave
of absence that was required to get free time to start working on the book.
Institutionen San Cataldo, where the first version of the book manuscript
emerged in the tranquillity of Cell No. 6 of the old convent San Cataldo
overlooking the beautiful Amalfi Bay in Southern Italy, is thanked for its
hospitality during the month of April 2001.
Contents
Prologue: Lipidomics – A Science Beyond Stamp Collection .. 1
Part I The Overlooked Molecules
1 Life from Molecules....................................... 9
1.1 The Three Kingdoms of Life ............................. 9
1.2 The Molecules of Life ................................... 10
1.3 The Post-Genomic Era.................................. 16
1.4 A Call for Physics ...................................... 19
2 Head and Tail ............................................ 23
2.1 Fat Family: Fats and Fatty Acids......................... 23
2.2 The Polar Lipids – Both Head and Tail ................... 26
2.3 Cholesterol – A Lipid of Its Own ......................... 28
2.4 Strange Lipids ......................................... 29
2.5 Lipid Composition of Membranes......................... 31
3 Oil and Water ............................................ 33
3.1 Water – The Biological Solvent........................... 33
3.2 The Hydrophobic Effect ................................. 34
3.3 Mediating Oil and Water ................................ 35
3.4 Self-Assembly and the Lipid Aggregate Family ............. 37
3.5 Plucking Lipids ........................................ 40
4 Lipids Speak the Language of Curvature.................. 43
4.1 How Large Is a Lipid Molecule? .......................... 43
4.2 Lipid Molecules Have Shape ............................. 46
4.3 Lipid Structures with Curvature.......................... 46
4.4 Microorganisms’ Sense of Curvature ...................... 51
5 A Matter of Softness ..................................... 53
5.1 Soft Matter............................................ 53
5.2 Soft Interfaces ......................................... 53
5.3 Forces Between Soft Interfaces ........................... 58
X Contents
5.4 Lipid Membranes are Really Soft ......................... 59
6 Soft Shells Shape Up ..................................... 63
6.1 Bending Interfaces...................................... 63
6.2 Spontaneous Curvature ................................. 66
6.3 Shaping Membranes .................................... 67
6.4 Red Blood Cells Shape Up............................... 68
7 Biological Membranes – Models and Fashion ............. 73
7.1 What Is a Model? ...................................... 73
7.2 Brief History of Membrane Models........................ 74
7.3 Do We Need a New Membrane Model?.................... 76
7.4 Theoretical and Experimental Model Systems .............. 78
Part II Lipids Make Sense
8 Lipids in Bilayers – A Stressful
and Busy Life ............................................ 81
8.1 Trans-bilayer Structure.................................. 81
8.2 The Lateral Pressure Profile ............................. 83
8.3 How Thick Are Membranes? ............................. 85
8.4 Lively Lipids on the Move ............................... 86
9 The More We Are Together .............................. 91
9.1 Phase Transitions Between Order and Disorder............. 91
9.2 Lipids Have Phase Transitions ........................... 94
9.3 Mixing Different Lipids.................................. 98
9.4 Cholesterol Brings Lipids to Order........................ 100
10 Lipids in Flatland......................................... 105
10.1 Gases, Liquids, and Solids in Two Dimensions.............. 105
10.2 Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films................... 107
10.3 Pattern Formation in Lipid Monolayers ................... 110
10.4 Lipids Make the Lung Work ............................. 112
11 Social Lipids.............................................. 117
11.1 Lateral Membrane Structure ............................. 117
11.2 Imaging Lipid Domains ................................. 121
11.3 Lipid Rafting .......................................... 124
11.4 Domains and Rafts Carry Function ....................... 127