Table Of Content

Life and Society in the Hittite World (cid:2) Life and Society in the Hittite World (cid:2) TREVOR BRYCE 3 3 Great Clarendon Street,Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto with an associated company in Berlin Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc.,New York © Trevor Bryce 2002 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2002 All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law,or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization.Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press,at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bryce,Trevor,1940– Life and society in the Hittite world / Trevor Bryce. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.). ISBN 0-19-924170-8 1. Hittites—Social life and customs. 2. Hittites—Civilization. I. Title. DS66 .B755 2002 909¢.49199—dc21 2002025032 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd.,Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd,Guildford & King’s Lynn Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Silvin Kosˇak for the time he has given to reading this book in its draft stages and for the many valuable comments and suggestions he has made.My thanks also to Mr Geoff Tully for his illustrations and to Mr Feza Toker of Ekip Film for kindly providing several of the photographs. A general word of thanks is due to Dr Stephanie Dalley, whose initial suggestions to me about a book on the Hittites prompted the writing of The Kingdom of the Hittites as well as the present volume. Once again I would like to acknowledge the invaluable support and advice which I have received from Professor Oliver Gurney over many years.His passing is a great loss to the world of Hittite scholarship,as it is to me personally. T.R.B. August 2001 Contents List of Illustrations viii Abbreviations ix List of Hittite Kings xi Maps xiii Introduction 1 Synopsis of Hittite History 8 1. King,Court,and Royal Officials 11 2. The People and the Law 32 3. The Scribe 56 4. The Farmer 72 5. The Merchant 87 6. The Warrior 98 7. Marriage 119 8. The Gods 134 9. The Curers of Diseases 163 10. Death,Burial,and the Afterlife 176 11. Festivals and Rituals 187 12. Myth 211 13. The Capital 230 14. Links across the Wine-Dark Sea 257 Notes 269 Bibliography 293 Index 302 List of Illustrations Maps 1. The World of the Hittites xiii 2. The Near East in the Late Bronze Age xiv Figures 1. King Tudhaliya IV as priest,relief from Yazılıkaya 20 2. Hittite charioteers at Kadesh 112 3. Probable wedding scene,from vessel found at Bitik 120 (near Ankara) 4. Gold figurine of god 159 5. Royal couple worship Storm God represented as bull, 192 relief from Alaca Höyük 6. Lion hunt,relief from Alaca Höyük 193 7. Yazılıkaya 196 8. Dagger-god,relief from Yazılıkaya 198 9. The twelve gods,relief from Yazılıkaya 199 10. Plan of Hattusa 231 11. Temples in Upper City 235 12. Lion Gate 238 13. ‘King’s’ Gate 240 14. Temple of the Storm God 247 Abbreviations AA Archäologischer Anzeiger AfO Archiv für Orientforschung ÄHK Edel,E.,Die Ägyptische-hethitische Korrespondenz aus Boghazköi,2vols.(Opladen,1994) AO Archív Orientální AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament AOF Altorientalische Forschungen AS Anatolian Studies BA Biblical Archaeologist BiOr Bibliotheca Orientalis CTH E.Laroche,Catalogue des textes hittites (Paris,1971) EA The El-Amarna Letters, most recently ed. W. Moran (Baltimore,London,1992) Fs Alp H. Otten et al., Hittite and Other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in honour of Sedat Alp(Ankara,1992) Fs Güterbock I K. Bittel, Ph. H. J. Houwink ten Cate, E. Reiner, Anatolian Studies presented to H. G. Güterbock (Istanbul,1974) Fs Güterbock II H. A. Hoffner and G. M. Beckman, Kaniˇssˇuwar: A Tribute to Hans G.Güterbock on his Seventy-fifth Birth- day (Chicago,1986) Fs Houwink T.Van den Hout and J.De Roos,Studio Historiae Ardens ten Cate (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Presented to Philo H. J. Houwink ten Cate on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday) (Istanbul,1995) Fs Jacobsen Sumerological Studies in Honor of Thorkild Jacobsen, Assyriological Studies 20(Chicago,1974) Fs Laroche Florilegium Anatolicum, Mélanges offerts à Emmanuel Laroche(Paris,1979) Fs Otten E.Neu and C.Rüster,Documentum Asiae Minoris Anti- quae (Festschrift Heinrich Otten) (Wiesbaden,1988) Fs Polomé Perspectives on Indo-European Language,Culture,and Religion:Studies in Honor of Edgar C.Polomé,vol i,JIES Monograph 7(Bochum,1991)