Library Resources & Technical Services Volume 35 Number 4

160 Pages·1991·14.5 MB·English

by  Resources and Technical Services Division of the American Library Association

LIBRARYR ESOT]RCES& II0CTIMCAL SMVICES
VOLUME 35, NUMBER 4 ocToBER l99l
ARTICLES
Songqiao Liu and Elaine 359 DORS: DDC Online Retrieval System
Svenonius
F. W. Lancaster, Tschera 377 Identifying Barriers to Effective Subject
Harkness Connell, Nancy Bishop, Access in Library Catalogs
and Sherry McCowan
Barbara S. Tilt"tt 393 A Summary of the Treatment of Bibliographic
Relationships in Catalo$ng Rules
Mark L. Grover 406 Cooperative Cataloging of Latin-American
Bool<s:T he Unfulfil-iedPromise
Caro\m I. Mueller and 4L6 Serials Positions in U.S. Academic Libraries,
Margaret V. Mering 1980-1988: A Survey of Position
Announcernents
Ron Slater 422 Authority Control in a Bilingual OPAC:
MuIdLIS at Laurentian
NOTES ON OPERATIONS
Konstantin Gurevich 459 Russian Monographic Records in the OCLC
Database: A Crisis in Shared Cataloging
ALCTS ANNUAL 462
REPORTS
DCEPC ANNUAL 470
REPORT
l99l DMSION 47s
AND SECTION AWARDS
FEATURES
357 Editorial Policy
Richard D. Johnson,E ditor 478 Book Reviews
507 Letter
477 Index to Advertisers
508 Index to Volume 35
&5(4):35L512 IssN o0z+2527
AMERICAI\ LIBRARY ASSOCIAIION
ASSOCIAIION FOR I.TRRARY COTT.RCIIONS & TECf,IMCAL SERVICES
EDITORIALBOARD
Editor and Chair of the Editorial Board . . . Rtcnenp P. SMIMGLIA
Editorial Assistant . . .GREGoRYH . LEAZER
AsslstantE ditorc:
Kanru A. Scurrrlor . . . . . . for Acquisitiono f Library MaterialsS ection
Cn,rnms SIMpsoN . . for Cataloginga nd Classi{icationS ection
Mtcn,rrl T. RvlN . . . . . . for Collection Managementa nd DevelopmentS ection
Canla J. MoNront . . . . . for Preservationo f Library MaterialsS ection
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MIRtauPALM.. ....... forSerialsSection
D. Kmunvn WEINTnAUB . . .SpeciaEl ditor
EDwARDS waNson .SpecialE ditor
Rtcsnno D. IoHNsoN Book ReviewE ditor
LAwRENcEW . S. Aur,o . . . .. . Book ReviewE ditor-Designate
Ex-Oficio Memberc:
JoANW Hnvns,C hair, Council of Re$onal Groups
KanrN MUI-lrn, ExecutiveD irector, ALCTS
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Production:D onavanV icha,A my Brown, Bruce Fiausto,J osephineG ibson-Portera, nd Daniel
lewis. SubscriptlonP rice: to rnernberso f the Associationf or Library Collecfions& Technical
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Senda ddressc hangeit o Library Resources6 TechnicaSl eraices,S0E . Huron St., Chicago,I L
606u.
Library Bcsourcesb TechnicalS ettstcesis indexedin Ltbrary Literature b lnformation Science
Abstra,as, Curtent lrder to Jourrwls in Education, Scletwe Citatton lnilcr, and Hospital
Literahtre Index. Contents are listed in CALL (Current American-Library Literature). lts
reviews are included in Book Reoieu Digest, Book Reoiew lndcr, and Reoiew of Reaieus.
Instructions for authorsa ppearo n p. 239-40 ofthe April 1991i ssueo f Library Resources{t
TechnicalS eroicesC. opieso fbooks for review shouldb e addressedto book review editor-des-
ignate, Lawrence W. S. Auld, Department of Library and Information Studies,2 15 Joyner
Library East CarolinaU niversity,G reenville,N C 27858-4353.
@ American Library Associationl9 9l
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ying, or translating,a ddressr equestst o the ALA Office of Rightsa nd Permissions5, 0 E. Huron
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The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirementso f American National
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Publicationi n Library Resourcesl: TechnicalS ensicesd oesn ot imply oflicial endorsementb y
the Associationf or Library Collections& TechnicalS ervicesn or by ALA, and the assumption
of editorial responsibilityi s not to be construeda s endorsemento f the opinionse xpressedb y
the editor or individual contributors.
/357
EdiloriqlP olicy
Editorts twte: This statement of edttortal
policy for LRTS roas adopted bg tlw
ArcTS Boardo f Directott,luly 1, 1991.
Library Resources & Technical Ser-
vices( LRTS) is the offtcialj ournal of the
Association for Library Collections &
TechnicalS ervices( ALCTS),a dMsion of
the AmericanL ibrary Association.
PUNPOSE
The purpose of LR?S is to support the
theoretical, intellectual, practical, and
scholarlya spectso f the professiono f col-
lection managementa nd development, adoptedb y the ALCTS Board of Direc-
acquisitionsa, id technicasl ervicesS ypub- tors in 1990.
lishing articles (subject to double-blind
peer review)a nd book reviewsa, nd edito-
CoNTENT
rials and correspondencein responset o
ttre same. The contento f LRTSi s to include:
1.A rticles that further the advancement
AunrsNIcn
The audience for LRTS is practitioners,
students,r esearchersa, nd ottrer scholars
with an interesti n collectiond evelopment
andt echnical seMcesa nd relateda ctivities
in all types of libraries. discussis suesa nd trendso finterest to
the membershipo f ALCTS.
3. Notes that report unique or evolving
Fnrqurrucr
technicalp rocesses.
LfiTS is publishedq uarterh with the vol- 4. Notes that report unique or evolving
ume caleindacr orreipondingt o the calen- researchm ethods.
dar year. Numbers appear in ]anuary, 5. Substantiveb ook reviewso fnew pub-
April, July, and October. Iications of interest to the member-
shipo f ALCTS.
6.A brief. factual, annual statemento f
Scoru
the associationa'sc complishments'
The editor of LRTS,w ith the assistancoef LRTS is not an approPriatef orum for
an editorid board, strivest o achievea bal- brief reports on new products,n ew ser-
ancea mongt he articlesp ublishedi n the vices,o r other current newsi tems.
When it comest o academic
inventory,
these cats cover evi:ry subject.
You can count on Baker & Thylor Books for
a first fill rate that's second to none.
Ifs not surprising. With 400,000 We inventory more than 162000
academicb ooks in our inventory, academicb ooks printed before 1988.
Baker & Taylor Books delivers a first You'll even have the benefit of the
fill rate that's twice that of any other most sophisticatede lectronic search
academicv endor. and purchase system on the market
OverSSVoo f all academicb ooks on todav - B&T Linkru. It offers un-
order are shipped within five work- precedenteda ccuracyw ith a 1.2
ing days. And over gOVoo f titles are million title databaseo n CD-ROM,
shipped or reported within 90 days. and the fastest,e asiesto rdering
You can count on specialized titles s'v stem around.
from scholarly, researcha nd scientific When it comest o meeting your
publishers, societala nd association most demanding academicb ook
presses,u niversity and small presses. needs,B aker & Taylor Books is in a
And, you can expect more than just classb v itself. For more information,
current titles. call Baker & Tavlor Books.
BAKER& TAYLOBRO OKS
o GRACED islributionc omoonv
WE'RET EADINGT HEW AY.@
@ l99l Bake&r TayloBr ooks
/359
DORSD=D CO nlineR elrievol
System
SongqiooL iuo nd EloineS venonius
rf.l
I hu ,r" oftraditional classilicationas s word searching,h ierarchicalb rowsing,a nd
interfacest o online catalogsis still a matter
for discussion and eiperimentation.l
While interest in the matter datesf rom the
1960s,w ith the ground-breakingw ork of
Freemana nd At-herton-2a nd h& contin-
ued sporadically,m ost of the work in this
areah asb eeno fa speculativea ndi llustra- primarily for catalogu serso ther than clas-
tive nature.N ot until recentlyh asi t been iiff"rs. fhe distinglishing feature of the
possiblet o experimentw ith large proto- systemis an automaticallyg eneratedc hain
type systemsW. hat hasm adet his possible index.F ollowinga discussiono f the speci-
liasb eent he renderingi nto machirie-read- Iicationsd eemedd esirablein aDDC cata-
able form in Ig84 of the Dewey Decimal log interface, the system that was de-
Classification (DDC). The most well- velopeda t UCLA to conform to them is
lrnown of the DDC prototype systemsw as described.
that developedb y Markey et al. at the
SrEcmtcerrorus
A classilication systeml ike the DDC can
be regardeda s though it were a language,
consistingo f a vocabularya nd a semantic
purpose is to support online classifying, strucfure for organizing and displaying
offers a variety of functions, including key- vocabularye lements in juxtapositiont o
SoNGeIAoL tu is a doctoral student, and Er,rrur SvENoNrusis Professor,G raduateS choolo f
Library and Information Science,U niversityo f California, Los Angeles.T he project reported
in the paper was supportedb y the Lake Placid Foundation.O CLC Online Computer Library
Center,I nc., provideda machine-readablvee rsiono fthe DDC 700 schedules( 20th edition) and
a randoms ampleo fbibliographic recordsw ith DDC numbersi n the 700s.M anuscripts ubmitted
January2 , 1991;r evisedA pril 21, 1991;a cceptedf or publicationA pril 24, f991.
360/ LRTS . 35(4) o Ltu and,S oenonius
one another. The fact that such systems Classification structures can be
have vocabulariesr ecommendst hbm for
the purposeo f enhancingthee ntryvocab-
of an online catalo!. The Markey et
a"lla. ,prryo iect hasd emonstraiedh ow the DDC
'nihuve
Index" and schedule captions
canb e usedt o augments earchingvocabu-
laries.5
The lirst requirement,t hen, for a clas-
siftcation intefrace is that it enhance as perusing the vocabulary associatedwith
searchingv ocabulary.H owwer, were such a fru"n coicept at various levels ofspeci-
an interfte to be developeds olely for this fidiv tn a broider sense, it can be under-
purpose, questionso f effectivenessa nd stood as browsing across concePt
iosf couldb e raisedT. ermsf rom ttre index hierarchies, for instance as is done when
of a classilication might be good search one consuhs the DDC'Relative Index."
terms;h owwer, terms from schedulec ap- The purpose of a relative index is to bring
togetheidistributed relatives; it shows the
,rriion. hierarchies in which terms that are
vague, homonymous, or ambiguous partic-
ipate. An example is "Freedom," whichcan
'Free-
6e viewed from the standpoint of
dom of the Will- or "Freedom of Speech"'
endc ouldw ell be cheapera ndm oree ffec- (Another structural feature that distin-
tive, for instance,m ahng terms from a guishes classilications from most thesauri
bookt table of contentss earchable. is the degree to which terms participate in
The attribute that most distinguishesa more than one hierarchy.) Browsing across
concept hierarchies can be effective in sug-
gestin-gw ays for pinpointing or broadening
meaning, and thus for improving precision
and recall.
For effective browsing, however, cer-
with a concept at different levels of speci- tain conditions must be met. First, the user
fici& Thesauri exert a similar type of
vocabularvc ontrol.a nds omet hesaui, like
classilicationse,v en& splayt erms in hier-
aarrcchhiiccaall ddiissppllaayyss..CC lassi{icationsh, owever,
ggoo bbeeyyoonndd tthheesiaauurri iby semanticallys truc-
[urin{ not only the vbcabularya siociated
with conceptsb ut alsot he conceptsth em-
selves. Classificationsh ave sometimes
been likened to semanticn ets, in which
deffnedw ith respectt o every other posi- standing the user has of the semantic envi-
tion. While thesauric onsisto f hundreds, ronment of search terms.
perhapst housandso, fterm clusters,c las-
iilications attemptt o integratet hesec lus-
ters into .e*itigf,rl, mo-nolithicw holes.
For this reason,c lassiffcationcsa n be said
to partake more of the nature of a knowl-
edle baset han do thesauri.
LRTS . 35(4) . DORS; DDC Online RetrieoalS ystem/ 36I
meanst 'he interface should be designeds o nallv to produce the printed schedules'
that the user ahrap knows what stepsa re ThJ hier;rchies in thii databasec ontain
required to move from one position in the
claisificatory knowledge base to anotler.
In addition. t]le user s-houlda lso know, at
every stageo f the search, which nmong
manym ovesis optimalf or agivenp urpose.
The' ideal classilicationin tErfaces liould,
then, make a-pfopra rent to the user both the
mechanisms navigation and the infor- this databasew as to provide information
mation needed for navigation decision for navigatin-gre atnrdie vtoa ld evelop combined
making. DDC-L1SH techniques.)T he
T116f urther speci{icationst hat would
be desirablef or ailassification interfacet o
an online catalog are rather self-evident
and need little comment. These are (1)
that it supportc all-numbers earchinga nd
(2) that i[ be com-paactciebslesw , ith other struc- A chain index to the DDC schedules
tures for subject for instance the was created automatically by extracting
Library of Congress Subject Head'ings signi{icant terms from the schedule cap-
(LCSH). ti6ns and the DDC "Relative Index" and
then constnrcting them into chains based
on their hierarchicarle lationshipsA' t pres-
THE DORS SYSTEM ent, the CI contains6 ,208 entries.A CI
An experimental classiftcationin terface headinqh asa form of X: Y: Z, whereX is
called lhe Dewey Online Retrieval System the focis term. and Y and Z are contextual
(DORS) was created to conform to the terms that supplyt he subjectc ontextf or
the focust enn. I'n general'Y is the super-
ordinatec la-sosf X, and Z is the superordi-
natec lasso fY.
The creation of the CI was done
icallyc onstructedc haini ndex( CI). Wew ill
Iirst discussth e structureo f DORS,f ocus-
ing on the chain index. We will then
de-scribeit s searchingb, rowsing,a nd dis- were either unsuitablea s CI headingso r
playc apabilitiesF. inally,w e will showh ow
boRs^conforms to the stipulateds pecifi-
cations.
STRUCTURE
DORS consistso f four components(: 1) a
databasec omprisingt he DDC 700 (Arts)
schedules,e dition }lo; (z) a databaseo f
bibliogra-opfh ic records; (3) a databaseo f three-digit number) was reached.H ow-
Librala Consress Suhect Headings ever.w hin entries in the "Relative Index"
(LC sd);"ila (+)i Ctt"i" Indext o the DDt were alreadyq ualifted by contexhralt erms
schedulesT. hesef our databaserse sideo n (e.e., Paintini: Decorative arts; Color:
the hard disk of an lBM-compatible PC. Intirior decoiation), no further chaining
The first of these,t heD DC ddtabasew, as wasp erformed.A lson o chainingwasd one
created from the machine-readabldea ta whent he "RelativeI ndex"e ntrywasa syn-
suppliedb y OCLC ttrat were used origi- thesizedc lassn umbet e.g.,C hessP layer
36? LRTS . 35(4) o Liu and Soenonius
(794.1092). A fuller discussiono fthe rules second is the number of titles associated
developed for automatic chain index con- with that class and any extension ofit. The
struction and the problems encountered is
given in another paper.8
Scnnoulr Drspr.ey
Scope Option
The Scope option is used to retrieve deff-
nitional information associated with a class
or to view a class in its various hierarchical
say The Arts-Fine and Decorative Arts,
the highlight bar is positioned over it and
S (or [F2]) is pressed; then, when the
headings are used will be explained in
more iletail below.) Each of'the three
ber oftitles associatedw ith the class; the options permitted by the Scope command
Scope Report Uti t ity Quit
Schedrte Di I!!;--l r
700 The afts Fine ard decofative arts 8 392
710 Civic and tandscape art 045
7?0 Archi tecture 10 26tr
730 Plastic arts Scutpture 1229
740 Draring ard decorative arts 0 399
750 Painting and paintings oy4
760 Graphic arts Printmaking and prints 2 145
770 Photography and photographs 5 112
780 llusic 5 354
790 RecrestionaI and performing arts o 707
Figure l. Summaryo fDDC 700 Schedule.
Note This displayi s wh-att he user first seesw hen initidizing DORS. If we had been workingw ith the full
DDC, rather than just the 700 schedule,t he initial displayw "oulds ummarirea ll ofthe schediles.
LRTS r 35(4) . DORS: DDC Online RetrieoalS ystem/ 363
Brorse Search Report Uti t ity Ouit
ScheduteD i It
7++
700. I -700.9 Standards ubdivisims of the arts... 00
701 Phitosophy ard theory of fine ard decorative a 121
702 illlaarrlulaal t TTeexxtt ffoorr Ccttaassss 7/00u0
703 Generatly the $ord rtarts,'r used rithout a q.ratifier,--is
704 a signat'that the area covered is broader than the fine
705 ard decoretive arts. Literature, lrusic, ard the
706 perfonnim arts are the other kinds of arts 0pst often
707 inctr.rded. A qrick check each time that rrart'r or f,artsr'
708 is used shoutd estabtish the area covered.
709
710 rrco||Duter artr' usuatly refers to tr.o different uses of
720 corplters in the arts. The coop.Jter can be a device
750 ermioyed in creating the fins( ant uork, as rheri the
740
EO
760 Graphic arts Printmaking ard Prints 2 145
Tt0 Photography end photograPhs 5 112
Figure 2. Text from rhe DDC Manual Pertainingt o Class7 00.
Note: This screeni s reachedb y highlightingc lass7 00 and either pressing[ F2l or typing S'
provides the user with information re- l, 2, 3. . . . Continuingwitht he example
itricting or explicating the meaning of the above: pressing[ Ctrl-Pgun] inserts two
selected or highlighted class. levelso f classess ubordinatet o Architec-
ture betweenA rchitecture and Plastica rts
(seef tgure4 ). Movingt he highlightb ar to
oneo fihe subordinatec lassejsu st inserted
produces a display of its subordinate
lb.r"r. If a classh as subordinatec lasses
that are not shown on the screen, it is
followedb v three dots,f or example", Asia
. . . .- This'informst he user ast o whether
or not a givenc lassh ass ubordinatec lasses.
under an exactc lassn umber or under a
ture and Plastic arts; it also displays the truncated class number. The ffrst choice
number of titles associatedw ith e'achc lass
not only in that classb ut also in all the
subclasieso f that class,t hen titles associ-
ated with the truncated classn umber can
rent depth level as "Depth: X," where X is be browsed( seef tgure 6).
364/ LRTS . 35(4) o Liu and Soenonius
,l
Report uti tity ouit
ScheduteD isptay DEPTH:
7++ Arts
700 The arts Fine ard decorative arts 392
710 Civic end art
720.1 Phitosophya rd theory ?4
720.2 llisce[[ any... o12
720.4 SFcial topics... o2
720.8 Architecture rith respect to kirds of persons. 01
720.9 Hi storica [, geographcia t, personst reatnent.. . 084
721-729 Specifi c aspectso f Brchitecture... 00
730 Plastic arts scutpture I ?29
740 Draring and decorative arts 0 399
750 Paintirrg erd paintings 0 v4
7& craphic art8 Printmakinga nd prints z 145
n0 Photogrephya nd photographs 5 112
780 llusic 5 t54
n0 Recrestionat and performinga rts 0 707
Figure 3. Displayo f the Array of Subclrosesu nder Architecture.
Note: This displayi s reacbedf rom the displayi n ffgure I by highlightingA rchitecturea nd pressing[ F5J
Report Uti t ity Cuit
Schedrte Disptay DEPTII2: I
7++
700 The erts Fine ard decorative art8 392
710 Civic and tardscae art 45
720.1 Phitosophy and theory 24
720.2 lliscel Iany 012
720.22 I I tustrations, nodets, miniatures... 15
720.28 - Auxiliary techniques ard procedures; apparat o7
720.4 Special, topics o2
720-42 Architecture for the handicapped 00
720.43 Architecture for persons in late adJtthood a 00
720.17 Architecture erd the envirorrnent... 11
720.48 Buitdings by shape... 0l
720.49 tlul.t ipte-Frrpose bui tdirBs 00
720.8 Architecture rith respect to kirds of persots 01
720.87 Gifted persone 00
720.9 Historicet, geographical, persons treatment 0E4
720.95 Asia... 03
720.97 Xorth ^|tErica 010
Figure 4. Depth 2 Displayo f Subclasseusn der Architecture.
Note: This screeni s reachedf rom the depth I display( ffgure3 ) by pressinglc trl-pgup].
Iffew titles (sayn, ot moret han2 00)a re with the number of items associatewd ith
associatewd ith a classh eading,D ORSw ill eacho fthese classes(s eet he BrowseS ub-
display all titles alphabeticallv. However. Classeso ption above).T he user can then
wh-erea class is very broad and retrieves move the highlight bar to a desired class
many titles-for example,A rchitecture- and press[ F6] to brouse the titles linked
DORS frst indicates that there are too to it. Ifthe classs electedis still very broad
manyt ides to browsea nd asksw hether the and linked to a great number of titles,
userwantsto continue.I fthe answeris yes, DORS repeatst he procedure.A fter view-
DORS displaysa ll titles alphabeticallv: ing a particulart itle, the userc ant hen ask
otherwisei i dtsplalnt he immidiately su6- to seet he sublecth eadingsa ssignedto it
ordinatec lasseiu nder Architecture'along andc pntinuen avigatingb ychoosinga spe-