Liberia, Artisanal Diamonds4Development - EI SourceBook

93 Pages·2009·4.32 MB·English

Poverty and Social Impact Assessment
and Strategy Formulation
on Artisanal Diamond Mining Reform
in Liberia
Diamonds for Development Programme
Prepared by
Carolyn Gamiao Wallace
and Roland Jutonue Lepol
PSIA Consultants
Submitted to
UNDP Liberia
March 7, 2008
Poverty and Social Impact Assessment
and Strategy Formulation
on Artisanal Diamond Mining Reform
in Liberia
Diamonds for Development Programme
Prepared by
Carolyn Gamiao Wallace
and Roland Jutonue Lepol
PSIA Consultants
Submitted to
UNDP Liberia
March 7, 2008
ContentS
PARt I : Poverty and Social Impact Assessment on Artisanal Diamond Mining
executive Summary .............................................................................................................. viii
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Methodology............................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Sites Selected ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Time Frame ................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Framework for Analysis .............................................................................................. 5
2 Context of Mining Policy Reform and Local Development ........................................ 6
PARt I : Poverty and Social Impact 2.1 Liberia’s Mining Policy and the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme ................. 6
2.2 Liberia’s Millennium Development Goals and the Diamonds
Assessment on Artisanal Diamond Mining for Development Programme ...................................................................................... 7
2.3 Other Support Programmes and Organisations for Sector Reform of
Artisanal Diamond Mining ........................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Diamonds for Development......................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 USAID ......................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.3 Global Support Facility for Small-Scale Mining .......................................................... 9
2.3.4 Regional Alliances on Artisanal Diamond Mining ....................................................... 9
2.3.5 Movement for responsible mining .............................................................................. 9
2.4 Forestry law 0f 2006 ................................................................................................ 10
2.5 Land reform ............................................................................................................. 10
2.6 The socio-cultural, institutional, historical and political context of policy reform .... 11
2.6.1 Liberia’s political structure ....................................................................................... 11
2.6.2 Local governance and development ........................................................................ 11
2.6.3 Traditional institutions and local governance ........................................................... 11
2.6.4 Ethnolinguistic affiliation .......................................................................................... 12
3 An overview of artisanal diamond mining in Liberia ................................................ 14
3.1 Liberia’s diamond mineral potential ......................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Mineral explorations ................................................................................................. 15
4 Artisanal diamond mining in selected sites ............................................................... 17
4.1 Types of mining licenses .......................................................................................... 17
4.2 Participants and the Kimberly Process .................................................................... 18
4.3 Characteristics of key mining participants ............................................................... 19
4.3.1 Miners ....................................................................................................................... 19
4.3.2 Digger ....................................................................................................................... 24
4.3.3 Brokers ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.3.4 Dealers ..................................................................................................................... 28
4.4 Profile of host communities ..................................................................................... 28
4.4.1 Ethnicity .................................................................................................................... 28
4.4.2 Local economy ......................................................................................................... 28
4.4.3 Health, sanitation and social services ...................................................................... 31
4.4.4 Social structures and community organisations ...................................................... 31
4.4.5 Land uses ................................................................................................................. 33
COnTEnTS - PART I i
4.4.6 Land tenure .............................................................................................................. 35 List of tables
4.5 Process flow of artisanal diamond mining ............................................................... 36
4.6 Technology and the artisanal diamond mining process .............................................. 38 Table 1 Site selection .......................................................................................................... 4
4.6.1 Processing of secondary products ......................................................................... 38 Table 2 number of mining claims ........................................................................................ 21
4.7 Mechanisation ............................................................................................................. 38 Table 3 Mine pits per landholding, Zayeglay, Bahn ............................................................. 30
4.8 Production ................................................................................................................... 38 Table 4 Household profile of mining communities ............................................................... 32
4.9 Diamond market flow .................................................................................................. 39 Table 5 Prices and sizes of sample diamond finds .............................................................. 39
4.9.1 Health and occupational safety .............................................................................. 40 Table 6 Profile of regional GDO, november 2007 ................................................................ 46
4.10 Benefit-sharing arrangements ................................................................................ 41 Table 7 Licences issues by Bureau of Mines, July–november 2007 ................................... 49
Table 8 Some projections on royalty earnings ..................................................................... 51
5 Implementation of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme ........................ 42 Table 9 Class C mining license revenues ............................................................................. 52
5.1 Overall status of implementation ................................................................................ 43 Table 10 Diamond royalty rates in MRU ................................................................................. 52
5.1.1 Establishment of internal control mechanism ........................................................ 43 Table 11 Activities statement, GDO, September 1, 2007–november 28, 2007 ..................... 53
5.1.2 Licensing ................................................................................................................ 43 Table 12 Potential social and environmental costs of mining ................................................ 55
5.1.3 Database management .......................................................................................... 43 Table 13 Rice productivity for selected counties .................................................................... 56
5.1.4 Diamond valuation ................................................................................................. 43 Table 14 Mineral exploration rights, acreage and license fees ............................................... 58
5.2 KPCS field operations .......................................................................................... 43
5.2.1 Mining regions and agencies ................................................................................. 43 List of figures
5.2.2 GDO regional office ............................................................................................... 45
5.3 Role of stakeholders in KPCS implementation ...................................................... 47 Figure 1 Poverty and social impact assessment framework ................................................. 2
5.3.1 Mining cooperatives ............................................................................................... 47 Figure 2 Sites visited .............................................................................................................. 5
5.3.2 Law enforcement agencies .................................................................................... 47 Figure 3 Liberia diamond production ..................................................................................... 14
5.3.3 Tribes and host communities ................................................................................. 47 Figure 4 Artisanal mining flow chart ....................................................................................... 19
5.3.4 Local government and other agencies ................................................................... 48 Figure 5 Profile of interviewed miners by origin, Komgbor .................................................... 19
Figure 6 Diggers’ education and literacy levels ..................................................................... 25
6 Impact of Liberia’s mining policy and the Kimberley Process Figure 7 Employment share of artisanal diamond mining ..................................................... 29
Certification Scheme ................................................................................................... 49 Figure 8 Process flow, artisanal diamond mining .................................................................. 37
6.1 Awareness of Kimberley Process and mining policy ............................................. 49 Figure 9 Leakage/Commodity flow of diamonds ................................................................... 40
6.2 Affordability and willingness to pay ....................................................................... 49 Figure 10 Regional structure, Bahn Mining Agency ................................................................. 45
6.3 Artisanal mining revenues and poverty reduction ................................................. 51
6.3.1 Royalty rates and development ............................................................................. 51 List of maps
6.3.2 Covering KPCS enforcement costs ....................................................................... 52
6.3.3 Royalty rates and illicit trade .................................................................................. 52 Spot map of sites visited ........................................................................................................... 5
6.4 Costs of artisanal mining on host communities ..................................................... 53 Kongba economic activity map ................................................................................................. 34
6.4.1 Cost of replacing domestic water sources ............................................................ 53 Liberia mineral properties map .................................................................................................. 60
6.4.2 Farming and reclamation costs .............................................................................. 54 Liberia forestry map ................................................................................................................... 61
6.5 Environmental and other opportunity costs ........................................................... 55 Agro-industrial plantation of Liberia map .................................................................................. 61
6.5.1 Mining and ecotourism ........................................................................................... 55 Liberia tree crop plantation map ................................................................................................ 62
6.5.2 Artisanal mining and food security ......................................................................... 56
6.6 Potential impact of large-scale mining on artisanal mining ....................................
6.6.1 Revenues from large-scale mining ......................................................................... 57
6.7 Competing land use ................................................................................................ 59
6.8 Social impact of artisanal mining and mining policies ............................................ 63
6.9 Land tenure and national security ........................................................................... 63
6.9.1 Reforming inequity in the industry .......................................................................... 64
6.10 Technology and the mechanisation of small-scale mining ..................................... 64
7 Capacity of implementing structures ......................................................................... 66
8 Summary and conclusion .............................................................................................. 68
ii COnTEnTS - PART I COnTEnTS - PART I iii
ContentS 10 Monitoring and evaluation ........................................................................................... 135
PARt II: Strategy Formulation 11 Some Cost Centres of Proposed Implementation Plan .......................................... 137
12 Action Planning .............................................................................................................. 141
Summary 1 ............................................................................................................................. iv
13 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................................... 142
1 Strategy options ............................................................................................................. 71
2 Strategic Directions ....................................................................................................... 73 List of tables
1 Sample Mining Resettlement Package ....................................................................... 102
3 Diamonds for Development Programme .................................................................... 74 2 Class C Mining License Revenues
3.1 Visions, Missions, Goals .............................................................................................. 75 3 International Royalty/national Income Tax Regimes .................................................. 121
3.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 75 4 Action Matrix for D4D ................................................................................................. 134
3.3 Strategy ....................................................................................................................... 75 5 Measuring Change in Artisanal Diamond Mining ....................................................... 135
6 Some Cost Centres of Proposed Implementation Plan ............................................. 139
4 target Users of Proposed Plan .................................................................................... 76
List of Figures
5 Components .................................................................................................................... 77 1 Cycle of Socio-Economic and Environmental Poverty
5.1 Addressing Constraints in KPCS Implementation ....................................................... 77 in Artisanal Diamond Mining ........................................................................................ 71
5.2 Addressing Field Issues and Concerns ....................................................................... 87 2 Pillars of Sustainability ................................................................................................. 73
5.3 Addressing Environmental Concerns .......................................................................... 93 3 D4D Elements of an Operational Strategy ................................................................... 74
5.4 Preparing for Entry of Large Scale Mining .................................................................. 97 4 Identified Areas of Assistance ..................................................................................... 86
5 Framework for Local Development and Resource Management ............................... 111
6 Community organising and Development ................................................................ 106 6 Time Dimension of Sustainability ............................................................................... 133
6.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 106
6.2 Some Components .................................................................................................... 107 List of Boxes
1 Findings of PSIA ............................................................................................................ ix
7 Policy Review and Guidelines Formulation .............................................................. 112 2 Opportunities in Reforming Artisanal Diamond Mining ................................................ 72
7.1 Preparation of a Mineral Development Strategy and Advocacy for an Integrated 3 needed: An Integrated Framework for national Resource ........................................ 112
Resource Management Plan ...................................................................................... 112 4 Management and a Mineral Development Strategy ................................................... 112
7.2 Mining and Land Tenure ............................................................................................ 114 5 Transparency Measures ............................................................................................. 126
7.3 Environmental Regulations and Penalties .................................................................. 115
7.4 Development of Implementing Rules and Regulations for Small scale Mining .......... 117 List of Annexes I
7.5 Development of Labour, Occupational Health and Safety Standards ....................... 117 1 Interviews and Attendance in Consultations ............................................................. 145
7.6 Regional Cooperation and Fiscal Harmonization ....................................................... 118 2 Some Survey Tabulations .......................................................................................... 146
7.7 Trust Funds ................................................................................................................ 123 3 LIHEDE Integrated Environmental Management Recommendations ........................ 146
7.8 Installing Transparency Measures ............................................................................. 124 4 Syrulwa Somah, PhD, Rebuilding Liberia’s Tourism Industry ................................... 146
for Economic Growth ................................................................................................. 147
8 Institutional Mechanisms for Plan Implementation ............................................... 127 5 Sample Action Plan, Diamonds for Development
8.1 Small-scale Department in MLME ............................................................................. 127 ProgrammeGlossary of Abbreviations ....................................................................... 147
8.2 Environmental Management of Small-scale Mining .................................................. 128
8.3 Decentralization and Role of Local Government and Traditional Structures List of Annexes II
in Mining Development .............................................................................................. 128 1 D4D organising ........................................................................................................... 148
8.4 The Inter-Ministerial Body and Common Issues and Concerns ................................ 129 2 KPCS and mineral policy ............................................................................................ 149
8.5 Artisanal Diamond Mining Associations .................................................................... 130 3 Support to KPCS improvement .................................................................................. 151
8.6 needed: Champions for Sustainable Mining ............................................................. 130 4 Special concerns ........................................................................................................ 154
8.7 Capability Building ..................................................................................................... 130 5 Organisational ............................................................................................................ 155
8.8 Role of D4D in Plan Implementation .......................................................................... 131 6 Community development in mining areas .................................................................. 156
9 Phases and Some Key Features in Plan Implementation ..................................... 133
iv COnTEnTS - PART II COnTEnTS - PART II v
GLoSSARy oF ABBRevIAtIonS Ro Regional Office
RUF Revolutionary United Front
ADB African Development Bank tnA Training needs Assessment
ADPA Association of African Diamond Producing Countries UL University of Liberia
AMA American Mining Association UnDP United nations Development Programme
ARM Association doe Responsible Mining UnDP CBRP UnDP Community-Based Recovery Programme
ASM Artisanal Small Scale Mining UnDP DDRR UnDP Disarmament, Demobilisation, Re-integration and
CASM Communities and Small Scale Mining Rehabilitation Programme
CCF Christian Children Fund Un FAo Un Food and Agriculture Organisation
CDC County Development Committee UnMIL enRU Un Mission in Liberia Environment and natural Resource
CDF Community Development Fund Management Unit
CFSn Crop and Food Security Assessment for Liberia UneP United nations Environmental Programme
Co Community Organising UneSCo United nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child Wto World Trade Organisation
DCI Diamond Councillor International USAID’s LIBAMM/IBI Liberia Improved Budget, Assets, and Mining Management
DDC District Development Committee International Business Initiative
DfID Department for International Development
D4D Diamonds for Development Programme
eCoWAS Economic Community of West African States
eIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ePA Environmental Protection Agency List of Annexes
FDA Forest Development Authority
FIAC Foreign Investment Assistance Centre 1 Attendance in Consultations
GDA Global Development Alliance 2 Sample Action Plan, Diamonds for Development Programme
GDo Government Diamond Office
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GoDIMWUL Gold and Diamond Miners and Workers Union of Liberia
GPS Global Positioning System
HH Household Heads
ILo International Labour Organisation
IMMtC Inter-Ministerial Technical Committee
IRR Preparation of Implementing Rules and Regulations
KPCS Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
LD Liberian Dollars
LeAP Liberia Employment Action Plan
LeItI Liberia Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
LIBAMM/IBI Liberia Improved Budget, Assets, and Mining Management
International Business Initiative
LIHeDI Liberian History, Education and Development, Inc.
LURD Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy
MDA Mineral Development Agreement
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MLMe Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy
MoDeL Movement for Democracy in Liberia
MoU Memoranda of Understanding
MRU Mano River Union
nGo non Government Organisation
nIMAC national Information Center, UnDP
PAC Partnership Africa Canada
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PSIA Poverty and Social Impact Assessment
vi GLOSSARy OF ABBREVIATIOnS GLOSSARy OF ABBREVIATIOnS vii
exeCUtIve SUMMARy
Diamond export sanctions were imposed Some variables that were looked into were updating the Mining Code and drafting its mining cooperatives, strengthen tribal and
on the government of Liberia by the poverty indicators, vulnerable groups, conflict implementing guidelines and the rules and community roles in resource management,
United nations from March 2001 to June and land tenure concerns, benefit-sharing regulations for small-scale and artisanal and develop sustainable alternatives to
2007. These prohibited the mining, transit and schemes, productivity and production mining, along with areas for coordination artisanal diamond mining.
export of diamonds from Liberia until it became processes, social acceptability, implementing within the Mano River Union (MRU).
part of the Kimberley Process Certification structures/partners, values and perceptions Thus, improved practices in artisanal mining
Scheme (KPCS), an international system to on policy implementation, as well as field The study notes the importance of a mineral can be realised through the promotion of
authenticate the source of diamonds from recommendations. development strategy, as well as inter-agency sustainable mining and multi-sectoral
conflict-free zones. coordination for an integrated resource cooperation by MLME. The Diamonds for
Part I of this report describes mining policy management plan to deal with competing land Development Programme, in coordination
Liberia started trading diamonds as of August contexts and prevailing conditions of the uses, prepare for entry of large-scale mining with other diamond initiatives, can mobilise
2007. Building on the Kimberley compliance, sector in the study site. This includes key and develop more sustainable alternatives to resources, support capacity building for
the UnDP supports the government of Liberia industry players, mining communities and artisanal diamond mining. reform and institutionalise stakeholder and
through the Diamonds for Development implementing structures, and it also identifies inter-agency roles for sustainable mining.
Programme, a multi-sectoral initiative, to some potential partners and available Limited resources can be leveraged through
help make diamonds contribute to poverty support programmes. Findings highlight donor coordination and increased cooperation
reduction and to the country’s post-war factors that affect the implementation of among local government and mining and
reconstruction and development. Under this the Kimberley Process. External factors are law enforcement agencies. Mining unions
programme, the Poverty and Social Impact also identified such as plantations and other and cooperatives shall be strengthened as
Assessment was commissioned in aid of large concessions that may have an impact a framework for transparency and good
policy reform and planning of initiatives to on artisanal mining. The study indicates that governance in the sub-sector.
improve industry benefits to workers and artisanal mines, while a temporary land use,
mining communities. carry long-term costs to communities and In addition, increased local government
their sources of livelihood. roles and the recognition of tribal land rights
Key tasks were to: would give local government and tribes) a
Aspirations and recommendations from the stake in resource management. A package
• Assess the impact of artisanal mining field and input from the Ministry of Lands, of incentives for mining reform can also be
on poverty reduction. Mines and Energy (MLME), partner agencies prepared in partnership with other diamond
• Understand legal and socio-political and other organisations which were consulted and local development initiatives, with civil
barriers for artisanal diamond mining accompany the section on policy questions society, the United nations Mission in Liberia
as a force for poverty reduction and and operational concerns. The section ends (UnMIL) and other agencies.
development. with an impact analysis on artisanal mining
• Identify policy gaps. and the implementation of mining policies, Mining community development shall be
• Assess early implementation of KPCS. and cites future scenarios with or without advanced through facilitation of community
policy reform. planning. Plans are supported by the
Participatory methodologies and an establishment of community development
integrated development and natural resource Part II summarises strategic options and funds and of mechanisms and procedures
management framework were used in examines opportunities for transformation. for tribes and communities to deal with
the assessment. Field consultations were Based on the social assessment, consultations mining concerns and develop alternatives.
conducted in at least 13 sites that represented and international models, an action plan and Support to miners and mining communities
specific contexts for artisanal diamond mining. possible responses to identified concerns are can be targeted in existing programmes that
Other stakeholders that were reached included presented for further discussion. implement the Poverty Reduction Strategy
local governments and traditional leaders, Paper, including county and sectoral plans
other government agencies, donor agencies, This includes inputs to address barriers such as the Liberia Employment Action
civil society, the academic community, to KPCS participation and the need for Plan (LEAP) and in coordination with other
donor programmes, nGOs, landowners improved access to credit, technology, development organisations. Support for
and industry representatives such as union information, prices and markets, as well as plan implementation shall be designed
leaders, miners, diggers including women the development of mining cooperatives. to reinforce changes in benefit-sharing
and children, brokers and a corporate mine. It identifies critical areas to be treated in arrangements, encourage self-regulation by
viii ExECUTIVE SUMMARy ExECUTIVE SUMMARy ix
1
IntRoDUCtIon
Liberia recently emerged from a protracted industry support schemes and interventions.
civil war which had been supported
by revenues from artisanal diamond Findings will then be discussed for further
and extractive industries. Along with the planning and consultation with stakeholders
recently lifted United nations sanctions, the to ensure complementation and cooperation,
government of Liberia also became a member as well as consensus building on community
of the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme initiatives and proposed policy changes that
(KPCS). In the light of these developments, are consistent with sustainable development
government wishes to move towards a new and improved governance.
mineral policy that will improve the conditions
of diamond mining communities and small
artisanal miners. This becomes more important 1.1 objectives
as mining activity resumes after more than
five years of sanctions and as the Mano River The objective of the PSIA is to assess the
Union (MRU) sub-region composed of Sierra impact of existing legal, managerial and
Leone, Guinea, Ivory Coast and Liberia gear investment arrangements on the lives and
up for harmonisation of fiscal regimes relative livelihoods of the individual miners and
to the diamond trade. mining communities, and to get feedback
and recommendations on provisions and
UnDP has launched Diamonds for implementation of the revised Mining Code
Development for Sustainable Mining to and the KPCS.
support much needed change in the industry.
Due to the strategic significance of diamond The main tasks, as indicated in the project’s
mining in the country and the sub-region, the terms of reference, are:
Diamonds for Development Programme is
embedded in the Un’s reconstruction support • Review and analyse the existing mining
to Liberia. laws and any related legislation and
mineral policies on the diamond mining
To aid proposed legal and social restructuring, sub-sector.
a Poverty and Social Impact Assessment
(PSIA) was commissioned for a better • Assess their impact on the lives and
understanding of artisanal mine-community livelihoods of all citizens directly or
dynamics and operators’ needs, in order indirectly involved in the mining activities.
to help design and implement appropriate
InTRODUCTIOn 1
• Determine the contribution of laws, • Suggest alternative arrangements to 1.2 Methodology
policies and customary labour facilitate a better and more equitable
arrangements, and the absence of a distribution of revenues among the Key documents and secondary data were
community development component key mining stakeholders, as well as gathered and reviewed. Scoping and
of these policies and laws to illicit mining providing recommendations to fill the stakeholder identification were conducted
andtrading with closeattention to gap in new mining laws and mineral through perusal of secondary data including
smuggling of rough diamonds. policies, with regards to community earlier studies by civil society and discussions
development. with the UnDP Strategy and Policy Unit/
• Appraise and analyse the current Poverty Reduction, Ministry of Lands, Mines
customary labour relations and • Given the existing local development and Energy (MLME), Government Diamond
remuneration arrangements for mine structures such as the District Office, International Alert and United nations
workers at the level of the mining Development Committees (DDCs), Mission in Liberia (UnMIL). Scoping was done
site, and determine the impact of these the assessment will also look into the to prioritise issues and sites to be visited.
relations on individual social and economic specific role these DDCs are playing Komgbor: Leaders map clan boundaries, villages, mine
sites, sacred sites, farms and plantations
development. in mining areas and how they can be Among those identified were artisanal mining
strengthened towards the support of actors, organisations and host communities, civil
• Assess the impact of a lack of revenue miners. society, local government and traditional leaders, Field consultations were conducted by a
distribution arrangement and its role in other programmes and agencies, small-scale team composed of the consultants, regional
curbing savings and capital accumulation • Evaluate the impact of the existing mining groups, large-scale mining companies coordinators of the Department of Lands,
in the communities, as well as its legal and managerial/administrative and downstream communities. In addition are Mines and Energy, as well as two members
contribution to the perpetuity of abject arrangements on the national field staff and law enforcement agencies. from the Government Diamond Office in
poverty in the mining communities. revenue. Identify any opportunity Monrovia and field representatives for the
costs, and recommend possible Special groups included women and children selected sites. The last leg of fieldwork to Sapo
remedial measures and activities. workers, landowners and customary land and the Gboe Forest had representation from
owners, diamond organisations (Gold UnMIL and the Gold and Diamond Miners
and Diamond Workers Union of Liberia, and Workers Union.
Federation of Miners Association of Liberia,
Figure 1 Poverty and social impact assessment framework
Diamond Brokers Association of Liberia), the Within the limited study period, the process
traders, nGOs, environmental and diamond undertaken tried to enhance inclusion and
lobby groups including the Partnership Africa provide an opportunity for as many of those
Canada and Association of Environmental concerned to be part of the early process of
Lawyers of Liberia (Green Advocates), other consultations for mining policy review and
agencies that inter-phase with the MLME on D4D planning.
environment and other land uses (the Forestry
Ministry and the Environmental Protection
Agency), law enforcement and immigration 1.3 Sites selected
authorities, academics at the University of
Liberia, representatives of diamond traders Some 13 sites were selected based on criteria
and processors, including expatriate Liberian such as river systems, scale of operations,
organisations (refer to Annex 1 for full list of accessibility and specific issues represented
stakeholders consulted). such as diamond rush areas, sites within large-
scale mining, and sites within agricultural or
Field consultations took various forms. Rapid forestry concessions or forest reserves. In
Systems Appraisal (RSA) techniques for addition, Kakata, a favoured site for returning
resource management augmented household/ ex-combatants, was the first area to be visited
perception surveys, key informant interviews to pretest survey instruments.
and focus group discussions on special
issues and policy concerns. Rapid systems
appraisal tools were used with the theme of
integration of natural resources management
with other development sectors.
2 InTRODUCTIOn InTRODUCTIOn 3
Sites visited map1
Table 1 Site selection
System Location Particularities
Liberia
!. Counties and Districts
Lofa River and yambaseh River Lofa Bridge, Grand Cape Mount County Commencement/testing of Class B Voinjama
mining, Jungle James, confluence of two Guinea
rivers, deviation from alluvial to forest Sierra LOFA
mining Leone
Mano River Smith Camp, Weasua, Kungbor, Gbarpolu Large-scale mining with foreign workers
County and miners, forested/hunting grounds
GBARPOLU Sanniquellie
!.
nimba Creeks (feeding into St. John River) Bahn, Zayeglay, Sanequillie, Gbanga, Deforested, over-mined during Taylor
Gbarpa Gborbayea, nimba County regime GRANDCAPE
^_ NationalCapital MOUNT Bo!.polu BONG G!.barnga Coted'Ivoire
!. CountyCapital Tubm!.anburg NIMBA
CountryBoundary Robertsport!. BOMI O
D
Po River Tubmanburgh Former large-scale mine CDoisutrnictyt !.MONTB-eSERnRAsonviK!.lleakata MARGIBI
Cestos River, Krahn-Bassa Forest Gboe Forest, Gbazon District, Grand Forest mining, emergence of potential InternationalBoundary Monrovia^_
GRANDBASSA
Gedeh for conflicting land uses, mining, forestry,
Zwedru
plantation/agriculture, subsistence !.
farming, conservation, etc. GRANDGEDEH
Buchanan!. RIVERCESS
Sinoe River, Slomen Creek Gorbowrogba, Grand Gedeh, Pynestown, Forest mining by company and
Sinoe County deforestation by pit-sawing ATLANTIC
OCEAN CestosCity!.
SINOE RIVERGEE
FishTown
!.
Mapproductiondate:31January2007 !.
Mapcatalogueno.:LIB001v3.04 Greenville
Boundariesdepicteddonotrepresentofficial
1.4 time frame endorsementbytheGovernmentofLiberiaor GRANDKRU
bytheUnitedNations.Manyboundarieswere MARY-
derivedfromsmallscalemapsandwillbeupdated !. LAND
assoonasbetterinformationisavailable. Barclayville
Mapping:UNDP/NationalInformationManagementCenter(NIMAC)
Policy review, field consultations, analysis and writing were done between 7 november 2007 and BryantBuilding,2ndFloor,SekouToureAvenue
0 10 20 40 60 80 MambaPoint,Monrovia,Liberia Harper!.
March 2008. Miles ForInformationContact:[email protected]
1.5 Framework for analysis • Institutional mechanisms – enabling
processes and institutional arrangements
In order to identify the likely socio-economic through policy reform, legal instruments
development outcomes of the Mining and poverty reduction initiatives.
Code and the Kimberley Process, and
as a framework to drawing up concrete • Process – To promote inclusion,
measures for local social development participation and transparency.
under the Diamonds for Development
Programme, the study was sensitive to the
following elements:
• Benefit flow – To identify beneficiaries,
the disadvantaged and keystakeholder
groups, and to determine how
relationships between stakeholder
groups will affect or be affected by the
reform.
• Technology – To improve efficiency,
productivity and decrease the negative
impact on the environment through
improved knowledge, tools and skills.
4 InTRODUCTIOn InTRODUCTIOn 5