Table Of ContentUlrike Boehmer
Gabriele Dennert Editors
LGBT Populations
and Cancer in
the Global Context
LGBT Populations and Cancer in the Global
Context
Ulrike Boehmer • Gabriele Dennert
Editors
LGBT Populations
and Cancer in the Global
Context
Editors
Ulrike Boehmer Gabriele Dennert
Department of Community Health Sciences Applied Social Sciences
Boston University School of Public Health University of Applied Sciences
Boston, MA, USA Dortmund, Germany
ISBN 978-3-031-06584-2 ISBN 978-3-031-06585-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06585-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
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WHO Regions
Africa (Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde,
Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia,
Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South
Africa, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia,
Zimbabwe)
Americas (Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia
(Plurinational State of), Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala,
Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,
Trinidad and Tobago, The United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of))
South-East Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste)
Europe (Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco,
Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine,
the United Kingdom, Uzbekistan)
v
vi WHO Regions
Eastern Mediterranean (Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran (Islamic
Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab
Emirates, Yemen)
Western Pacific (Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands,
Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Marshall Islands,
Micronesia (Federated States of), Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau,
Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon
Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam)
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our great appreciation to all reviewers who contributed
their time, expertise, useful advice, and comments to this book.
Editing an international book in the times of a pandemic was harder than we
imagined. We would not have been able to get this work done without the continual
and most valuable support of Silke Rassi, research assistant at the University of
Applied Sciences and Arts, Dortmund.
Finally, we would like to thank the University of Applied Sciences and Arts,
Dortmund, for their financial support of this publication.
vii
Contents
1 Foreword: Challenges and Opportunities for LGBT Populations
and Cancer in Global Oncology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Kalina Duncan, Elise Garton, Irene Avila, Sarah Jackson,
Brad Newsome, Satish Gopal, and Karen Parker
2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ulrike Boehmer and Gabriele Dennert
Part I Africa
3 A Double Dose of Stigma – Being Gay and Living with Cancer
in Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Kevin Mwachiro
4 Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Cancer in South Africa . . . 35
Alex Müller
Part II Americas
5 Making the Situation of TLGBI People Around Cancer visible:
Observations From the Andean Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Martin Jaime and Denisse Castillo
6 Cancer Care Challenges for the LGBT Population in Brazil . . . . . . . 73
Milton Roberto Furst Crenitte, Ademir Lopes Junior,
Leonardo Rabelo de Melo, and Thiago Junqueira Avelino-Silva
7 Cancer and the SGM Population in Canada and the USA . . . . . . . . . 95
Helen Huband, Tae Hart, and Ulrike Boehmer
Part III South-East Asia
8 The South-East Asia Region: Societal Conditions
for LGBT Health and Cancer Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Silke Rassi and Ulrike Boehmer
ix
x Contents
Part IV Europe
9 The Eurocentralasian Lesbian* Community Perspective
on Cancer and LBQ Women: Advocating for More Research
and Activism Collaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Magdalena Siegel, Silvia Casalino, Ilaria Todde
10 LGBT+ and Cancer in the WHO European Region: Current
Situation in 12 Eastern European and Central Asian Countries . . . . 165
Yelena N. Tarasenko, Alexander Sasha Kondakov, and Vitaly Smelov
11 Sexual and Gender Minorities and Cancer in Germany: The
Striking Absence of Understanding Their Cancer-related Needs . . . 189
Gabriele Dennert
12 LGBT Populations and Cancer in the UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Alison May Berner and Catherine Meads
Part V Eastern Mediterranean
13 LGBT Populations and Cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean
Region: Insights and Challenges with a Focus on Lebanon . . . . . . . . 261
Brigitte Khoury, Nesrine Rizk, Deborah Mukherji, and Ali Taher
Part VI W estern Pacific
14 LGBT Populations and Cancer in Australia and New Zealand . . . . . 277
Karolina Lisy, Micah D. J. Peters, Lucille Kerr,
and Christopher Fisher
15 Challenges in Cancer Control Confronting the LGBT
Population in China: Health Risks, Unique Barriers,
and Unmet Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Piper Liping Liu and Tien Ee Dominic Yeo
16 Conclusion: What Have We Learned About Cancer
and the Global LGBT Community? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Ulrike Boehmer and Gabriele Dennert
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Chapter 1
Foreword: Challenges and Opportunities
for LGBT Populations and Cancer
in Global Oncology
Kalina Duncan, Elise Garton, Irene Avila, Sarah Jackson, Brad Newsome,
Satish Gopal, and Karen Parker
Abstract Sexual and gender minority (SGM) communities experience cancer
health disparities, and there is limited research in SGM-related cancers globally. To
help address this gap, the US National Institutes of Health has supported research in
this area at the National Cancer Institute, Fogarty International Center, and Sexual
& Gender Minority Research Office. Challenges to cancer prevention and control
among SGM populations exist at the societal, community, interpersonal, and indi-
vidual levels. Discriminatory policies and laws, stigma, and socioeconomic barriers
prevent equitable access to cancer control. Members of the SGM community also
have higher risk of certain cancers due in part to higher rates of tobacco and alcohol
use, and increased prevalence of infections associated with cancer like HIV, HPV,
and hepatitis. Additional challenges include limited data related to specific cancer
risks and burden among SGM populations. There are major opportunities to address
these challenges globally, such as improving legal protections for SGM popula-
tions, reducing stigma and systematic barriers through mobile health technology
and provider education, and targeting cancer screening and prevention efforts.
Continued research efforts can generate additional evidence to improve cancer
K. Duncan · E. Garton · S. Gopal (*)
National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Global Health,
Rockville, MD, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
I. Avila · K. Parker
National Institutes of Health, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic
Initiatives, Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office, Bethesda, MD, USA
S. Jackson
National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology
and Genetics, Bethesda, MD, USA
B. Newsome
National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center, Division of International Training
and Research, Bethesda, MD, USA
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1
Switzerland AG 2022
U. Boehmer, G. Dennert (eds.), LGBT Populations and Cancer in the Global
Context, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06585-9_1
