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Lexis and Creativity in Translation A Corpus-based Study Dorothy Kenny First published (cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:18) by St. Jerome Publishing Published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business (cid:211) (cid:3)(cid:39)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:20) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. 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This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii 1. Is ‘linguistics’ singular or plural? 1 Introduction 1 Chomskyan linguistics 3 Chomsky and translation theory 6 Firthian linguistics 8 Firth and translation theory 11 The postmodern critique of linguistics in translation studies 16 Conclusion 21 2. The soft option: corpus linguistics 22 Introduction 22 Corpus linguistics 23 Corpora: a brief history 23 Corpora: users and uses 27 Corpora and neo-Firthian linguistics 30 Corpus processing 33 Global statistics 33 Word lists 39 Keyword lists 40 Clusters 43 Concordancing 44 Conclusion 46 3. Turning corpus linguistics on its head: corpus-based translation studies 48 Introduction 48 Descriptive translation studies 49 Norms, universals, and laws of translation 50 Corpora in translation studies 57 Monolingual single and comparable corpora 58 Parallel corpora 62 Bilingual and multilingual comparable corpora 65 Normalization in translation 65 Advantages and limitations of corpora in translation studies 69 Conclusion 71 4. A word about words 73 Introduction 73 The word ‘word’ 74 Word formation 75 Compounding 75 Derivation 76 Structural semantics 78 Collocation 81 Conflicting definitions of collocation 81 Beginning the study of lexis: the groundwork 84 Nodes and collocates 87 Spans 90 Frequency 91 German ad hoc compounds 96 Lexis and linguistic theory 98 The interaction of lexis and grammar 99 The idiom principle and the open-choice principle 100 Semantic preference and semantic prosody 100 Semantic reversal 103 Conclusion 104 5. The how of it: creating and using a parallel corpus 105 Introduction 105 Issues in corpus compilation 105 Representativeness 106 Sampling strategies 107 Random sampling vs stratified approaches 107 Internal vs external criteria 108 Text selection 109 Full texts vs texts extracts 110 The German-English Parallel Corpus of Literary Texts (GEPCOLT) 111 Sampling frame and text selection 114 Data capture, editing and mark-up 117 Corpus alignment and bilingual concordancing 120 Multiconcord 122 Comparative data 125 The Mannheim Corpora 125 The British National Corpus 126 Extracting instances of lexical creativity from GEPCOLT 127 Hapax legomena 129 Writer-specific forms 132 Unusual collocations 134 The node AUGE 135 Clusters 138 Evaluating the creativity of translations in GEPCOLT 140 Conclusion 141 6. Lonely words: creative hapax legomena and writer-specific forms 142 Introduction 142 Hapax Legomena 143 Creative orthography 143 Creative derivation 147 Complex verbal nouns 154 Compounds 156 Wordplay 160 Anaphoric relations 163 Semantic preference 167 Semantic prosody 170 Creative imagery 173 Co-ordinating and copulative compounds 174 Summary statistics and discussion 175 Writer-specific forms 184 Conclusion 187 7. Two left eyes: creative collocations in GEPCOLT 189 Introduction 189 Exploitations of collocational norms 189 Decomposed compounds 194 Lexical cohesion 195 Other unusual collocations 196 Repeated idiosyncrasies 202 Summary statistics and discussion 207 Conclusion 210 Appendix 1: Works included in the German-English Parallel Corpus of Literary Texts (GEPCOLT) 212 Appendix 2: Sample Header 215 Appendix 3: Creative Hapax Forms in the German Subcorpus of GEPCOLT and their Translations into English 217 References 229 Index 244 List of Tables Table 1: Statistics for the German subcorpus of GEPCOLT and selected constituent files Table 2: Top twenty frequency-ranked types in the German subcorpus of GEPCOLT Table 3: Top twenty frequency-ranked types in Unsere Eroberung Table 4: Top twenty keywords in Unsere Eroberung Table 5:Top twenty five most frequent three-word clusters in Unsere Eroberung Table 6: Top twenty five most frequent three-word clusters in Our Conquest Table 7: Positive keywords in Das Haus der Krankheiten Table 8: Distribution of forms of the lemma AUGE in the German subcorpus of GEPCOLT Table 9: Top ten most frequent three-word clusters in Das Haus der Krankheiten Table 10: Top ten most frequent four-word clusters in Die gläserne Stadt Table 11: Normalization of creative hapax legomena considered in Chapter Six, organized according to type of creative lexical process involved. Table 12: Normalization of creative hapax forms in GEPCOLT (see Appendix 3), organized according to type of creative lexical process involved. Table 13: Normalization of creative compound hapax forms considered in Chapter Six. Table 14: Normalization of creative hapax forms included in Chapter Six, organized according to source text. Table 15: Normalization of creative hapax forms in GEPCOLT (see Appendix 3), organized according to source text. Table 16: Normalization of creative collocations in GEPCOLT organized according to type of creative collocation. Table 17: Normalization of creative collocations in GEPCOLT involving the node AUGE, organized according to source text. Table 18: Orthographically Creative Forms Table 19: Creative Derived Forms Table 20:Creative Complex Verbal Nouns Table 21:Other Creative Compounds List of Figures Figure 1:Concordance of the node ‘conscience’ in the English subcorpus of GEPCOLT Figure 2:Concordance of the node ‘on * conscience’ in the English subcorpus of GEPCOLT Figure 3: Selected lines from the concordance of AUGE in GEPCOLT Figure 4:Lines from the AUGE concordance that contain Zimmer der Augen

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