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LEUNG’S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMMON NATURAL INGREDIENTS USED IN FOOD, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS Third Edition IKHLAS A. KHAN ResearchProfessorandAssistantDirector NationalCenterforNaturalProductsResearch ProfessorofPharmacognosy UniversityofMississippi Oxford,Mississippi EHAB A. ABOURASHED AssistantProfessor CollegeofPharmacy ChicagoStateUniversity Chicago,Illinois Adj.Res.AssociateProfessor NationalCenterforNaturalProductsResearch UniversityofMississippi Oxford,Mississippi LEUNG’S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMMON NATURAL INGREDIENTS USED IN FOOD, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS ThirdEdition LEUNG’S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMMON NATURAL INGREDIENTS USED IN FOOD, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS Third Edition IKHLAS A. KHAN ResearchProfessorandAssistantDirector NationalCenterforNaturalProductsResearch ProfessorofPharmacognosy UniversityofMississippi Oxford,Mississippi EHAB A. ABOURASHED AssistantProfessor CollegeofPharmacy ChicagoStateUniversity Chicago,Illinois Adj.Res.AssociateProfessor NationalCenterforNaturalProductsResearch UniversityofMississippi Oxford,Mississippi Copyright(cid:2)2010byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermitted underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwritten permissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetothe CopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978) 750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030, (201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbestefforts inpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor authorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedto special,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317) 572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Khan,I.A.(IkhlasAhmad) Leung’sencyclopediaofcommonnaturalingredientsusedinfood,drugs,and cosmetics/IkhlasA.Khan,EhabA.Abourashed.–3rded. p.cm. Rev.ed.of:Encyclopediaofcommonnaturalingredientsusedinfood,drugs, andcosmetics/AlbertY.Leung,StevenFoster.2nded.c1996. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-471-46743-4(cloth) 1. Naturalproducts–Encyclopedias. I.Abourashed,EhabA.,1964-II. Title. QD415.A25L482010 660.6’3–dc22 2009015927 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 From I. A. Khan Dedicated to My Parents and My Family, Shabana, Farjad, and Sariya For Their Love and Support From E. A. Abourashed To Abir and Our Two Daughters Ayat and Nada For Their Love, Patience, and Support And ... to My Parents Contents FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION, BY ARA G. PAUL, PH.D. ix FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION, BY DONALD A. DAVIS xi PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION xiii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xv PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv INTRODUCTION xxvii NATURAL INGREDIENTS 1 INDIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 637 CHINESE COSMETIC INGREDIENTS 657 APPENDIX A–GENERAL REFERENCES 687 APPENDIX B–GLOSSARY/ABBREVIATIONS 695 APPENDIX C–BOTANICAL TERMS 700 APPENDIX D–MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF PLANT ORGANS 706 GENERAL INDEX 711 CHEMICAL INDEX 779 vii