Lessons from Vernacular Architecture

236 Pages·2016·34.35 MB·English

by  Willi Weber and Simos Yannas

LESSONS FROM VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
The architectural community has had a strong and continuing interest in traditional and
vernacular architecture. This has been rekindled by the need to develop an architecture that
works with climate, rather than against it, to create more sustainable buildings. Most earlierr
research and existing publications on traditional or vernacular architecture have followed an
anthropological or archaeological approach, whereas books on climatic design and sustainable
architecture tend to refer to contemporary principles and built precedents without direct
reference to past experience.
Lessons from Vernacular Architecture takes lessons directly from traditional and vernacularr
architecture and offers them to the reader as guidance and inspiration for new buildings. The
appropriate technical and social solutions provided by vernacular and traditional architecture
are analysed in detail. International case studies focus on environmental design aspects off
traditional architecture in a broad range of climatic conditions and building types.
Willi Weberis an architect and Professor of Building Physics at the Institute of Environmental
Sciences of the University of Geneva, Switzerland. As director of the University’s Centre forr
the Study of Energy Problems (CUEPE) he was in charge of a research group involved in
expert appraisals in the field of energy and environment in architecture. He was the chairman
of the 23rd International PLEA (Passive and Low Energy Architecture) Conference that was
held in Geneva in 2006.
Simos Yannas is the Director of the Environment & Energy Studies Programme at the
Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, UK where he is responsible forr
the Masters programmes in Sustainable Environmental Design and the AA School’s PhD
Programme. His previous book with Earthscan, Roof Cooling Techniques: a Design Handbook
(2005), was shortlisted for the Royal Institute of British Architects’ RIBA Bookshops
International Book Award in Architecture. He is a founding member of the PLEA
international network.
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LESSONS FROM
VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
Edited by Willi Weber and Simos Yannas
First published 2014
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2014 selection and editorial material, Willi Weber and Simos Yannas;
individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Willi Weber and Simos Yannas to be identified as author
of the editorial material, and of the individual authors as authors of their
contributions, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of
the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Every effort has been made to contact and acknowledge copyright owners.
If any material has been included without permission, the publishers offer
their apologies. The publishers would be pleased to have any errors or
omissions brought to their attention so that corrections may be published
at later printing.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lessons from vernacular architecture/edited by Willi Weber and
Simos Yannas.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Sustainable architecture. 2. Vernacular architecture.
I. Weber, Willi, editor of compilation. II. Yannas, Simos,
editor of compilation.
NA2542.36.L47 2013
720.9—dc23 2013000367
ISBN13: 978–1–84407–600–0 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–75616–4 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo and Stone Sans
by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK
CONTENTS
List of illustrations vii
List of contributors xv
Introduction 1
Willi Weber and Simos Yannas
Part I
Bioclimatic Facets of Vernacular Architecture 9
1 The four elements of Santorini’s architecture 11
Thanos N. Stasinopoulos
2 A lesson in urban design from Dakhleh Oasis 37
Riccardo Balbo
3 Windows as environmental modifiers in the vernacular architecture
of Lebanon 49
Habib Melki
4 The historic hammaa¯ms of Damascus and Fez 77
Magda Sibley
5 Climatic design of Islamic bath buildings 91
Jean Bouillot
6 The environmental performance of a traditional courtyard house
in China 99
Benson Lau, Brian Ford and Zhang Hongru
7 Courtyards and transitional spaces in Turkish traditional architecture 111
Saadet Arma˘ggan Güleç, Fatih Canan and Mustafa Korumaz
vi Contents
Part II
Vernacular Architecture as Model 127
8 Applying the lessons of Indian vernacular architecture: the bungalow 129
Kimberly Kramer
9 Lighting features in Japanese traditional architecture 143
José María Cabeza-Lainez
10 Inspiration from the vernacular in the architecture of Luis Barragán 155
Anibal Figueroa and Gloria Castorena
11 The new vernacular of Severiano Porto in the Amazon 165
Leticia Neves
12 Comparison of traditional Thai houses with contemporary designs 177
Kevin McCartney, Paruj Antarikananda and Elena Douvlou
13 Environmentally responsive architecture for rural Northern Ireland 187
Joy-Anne Fleming
14 The vernacular as a model for sustainable design 203
Wayne Forster, Amanda Heal and Caroline Paradise
Index 213
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
1.1 The Platonic solids 12
1.2 The volcanic Caldera of Santorini; the dark islet in the middle was formed
by eruptions as recent as 1950 12
1.3 Detail from an Akrotiri fresco from the seventeenth century BC 13
1.4 Mean ambient temperature and humidity in Santorini lie within the comfort
zone for most of the year, but with a substantial period on the cold side 14
1.5 Santorini is as rich in sunshine as poor in water 14
1.6 Mean ambient temperature exceeds 20°C during four months only; daytime
temperatures can go much higher due to solar radiation 15
1.7 The sea mass sustains high relative humidity all year round; rainfall is rare
during summer 15
1.8 Santorini is a windy place all year long 16
1.9 Santorini houses resembling seagulls on the cliff top; a small anchorage below 17
1.10 An avalanche of whitewashed plaster 17
1.11 Social hierarchy is reflected in spatial layout: captain mansions above crew
dwellings 18
1.12 A typical vaulted house 18
1.13 A typical two-storey vaulted house; auxiliary rooms form a small yard
protected from the wind; an open balcony offers view in calm weather 19
1.14 Organic forms: an outcome of necessities and time 19
1.15 Minimalist aerodynamic forms over the windswept sea 20
1.16 A typical façade of a captain’s mansion; the wooden shutters are protected
by large glazing 20
1.17 Elaborate mansion windows 20
1.18 Theran soil gives a powerful mortar that defies natural forces and time 21
1.19 Variations of vaults and cross-vaults 22
1.20 A dialogue of vaults 23
1.21 Vaults of various sizes and shapes 23
viii Illustrations
1.22 A tiny cross-vaulted storeroom in a field 23
1.23 A flat top over a vault with pumice infill in between 24
1.24 Multiple cross-vaults in a mansion; externally they are covered by a flat
roof 24
1.25 Cross-section of an elaborate mansion that was half destroyed by 1956
earthquake; the carved masonry façade and wooden railing were signs
of wealth 25
1.26 Vaults hidden behind false façades 25
1.27 Contemporary flat roofs disguised as vaults 25
1.28 Buttresses support a large vault covered by flat roof 26
1.29 Excavated stable with decorated entry 26
1.30 An excavated church; the flat top is used for rainwater collection 27
1.31 Excavated houses are often separated into two or three rooms with
narrow facades on a common yard 27
1.32 Interior of an excavated house, looking in and out; internal partitions
imitate the façade 28
1.33 Excavated and built dwellings were stacked on the steep ground in a
three-dimensional layout 29
1.34 Three-dimensional layout 29
1.35 A mélange of roofs, walls, terraces and stairs; most surfaces are used for
rainwater collection 30
1.36 Traditional transport means – the only way to address the numerous steps 30
1.37 Old ruins embedded in a new elevation 31
1.38 Rocks left on the excavated ceiling 31
1.39 A country chapel with cross vault and symmetrical facade; the rainwater
cistern is located under the terrace 33
1.40 Typical toilets; sewage was collected in a basket 33
1.41 Trees pointing to the prevailing wind direction 34
1.42 Spiral vines withstand strong winds 34
1.43 A small yard where the sea view has been sacrificed for wind protection 35
2.1 Al Qasr ezba 39
2.2 Relationship between street width and privacy 41
2.3 Vertical window positioning and privacy 42
2.4 Shop window positioning 42
2.5 Masharabyia 43
2.6 Olla 43
2.7 Town labyrinth structure growing process 44
2.8 Double walls for cantilevered structures 45
2.9 Shaded alleys, light wells, sabat 46
2.10 Three phases in the town’s growth 47
2.11 A sequence of light wells 47
2.12 Sabat with m’qad, Balat 47
3.1 Lebanese village, Hasbaya 50
3.2 Site and topography, Qoahayya-Assia-Balaa 50
3.3a Small windows, North Lebanon 51
3.3b Recessed window, Amsheet 51
Illustrations ix
3.4 Rectangular house, South Lebanon 51
3.5 Site and topography, Bsharry, North Lebanon 52
3.6 Simple rectangular house and window, Ham 53
3.7 Quartier Sursok – Beirut 53
3.8 Lebanese window, Qozhayya, Wadi Qannoubine 54
3.9a Pointed arch style (exterior), Jezzine 54
3.9b Pointed arch style (interior), Beirut 55
3.10a Central Bay – continuity and change 55
3.10b Palace Joumblat, Moukhtara 55
3.11a Variations in triple arch windows, Ehden 56
3.11b Variations in triple arch windows, Beit El-Dine 56
3.12 Stained glass windows, Beit El-Dine 57
3.13 Fakhry Building – continuity and change 58
3.14 Site adaptation, Wadi Qannoubine 58
3.15a Simple rectangular window (exterior), Baalbek 59
3.15b Simple rectangular window (interior), Baalbek 59
3.15c Simple rectangular window, Ehden 59
3.16 Drawings: two sections and floor plan 60
3.17 Troglodyte dwelling at Ras Chekka 61
3.18 Drawings: site plan, elevation, section, floor plan and roof plan 62
3.19 Shepherd’s shelter 63
3.20 House with an interior arcade 63
3.21 Rectangular house exterior and interior 64
3.22 Tapered walls, Deir Al-Amar 64
3.23 Wooden shutters, Deir Al-Amar 65
3.24 Ebel Es Saqi, South Lebanon 65
3.25a Hermel 66
3.25b Chebaa 66
3.26 House 1, Younine 66
3.27 Jezzine House 67
3.28 The gallery house, riwaq 67
3.29 Gallery house, Hasbaya 67
3.30 Balcony of gallery house with circular openings 68
3.31 Evolution of the liwan house 69
3.32 Liwan cross-ventilation 69
3.33a Central house, Keserwan 70
3.33b Central house, Sursok, Beirut 70
3.34 Window/wall ratio, comparative analysis 70
3.35 How variations in window size and wall thickness have affected
environmental processes in Lebanese building 71
3.36 Triple arched windows, Quartier Sursok, Beirut 72
3.37a Small openings, Chebaa, South Lebanon 73
3.37b Small openings (interior), Taanayel 73
3.37c Small openings (exterior), Taanayel 73
3.38 Cross-ventilation caused by openings 74
3.39a Bay window, Deir Al-Amar 75