Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Vol. 2: Morphology, Physiology, and Development

578 Pages·2003·6.96 MB·English

by  Niels Peder Kristensen

Handbuch der Zoologie
Handbook of Zoology
Band/Volume IV Arthropoda: lnsecta
Herausgeber/Editor
Maximilian Ascher
Teilband/Part 36
Niels P. Kristensen (Volume Editor)
Lepidoptera,
Moths and Butterflies
. Volume 2: Morphology, Physiology, and Development
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o,
G
de Gruyter
Handbuch der Zoologie
Handbook of Zoology
Band/Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta
Niels P. Kristensen (ed.)
Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies
Volume 2: Morphology, Physiology, and Development
Teilband/Part 36
Handbuch der Zoologie
Eine Naturgeschichte der Stamme des Tierreiches
Handbook of Zoology
A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
Gegriindet von / Founded by Willy Kiikenthal
Fortgefiihrt von / Continued by M. Beier, M. Fischer, J.-G. Helmcke,
D. Starck, H. Wermuth
Band/ Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 36
Herausgeber / Editors Maximilian Fischer
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DE
.__G____. Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York

Niels P. Kristensen (ed.)
Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies
Volume 2:
Morphology, Physiology,
and Development
w
DE
G
Walter de Gruyter ·Berlin· New York
Autor und Herausgeber Schriftleiter und Herausgeber
Author and Scientific Editor Managing and Scientific Editor
Professor Dr. Niels P. Kristensen Hofrat Univ.-Doz.
Zoological Museum Mag. Dr. Maximilian Fischer
University of Copenhagen Direktor am
Universitetsparken 15 Naturhistorischen Museum Wien
DK-2100 Copenhagen Burgring 7
Denmark A-1014 Wien
Austria
Verlag I Publishers
Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG Walter de Gruyter, Inc.
Genthiner Stral3e 13 200 Saw Mill River Road
D-10785 Berlin Hawthorne, N. Y. 10532
Germany USA
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from Blackwell Publishing (Figs 4.7 D-F, 4.35 G), Else
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(Figs 4.4A-H, 4.24 F-K; 12.1 C), Springer International
agr 23001436 (Figs 4.7 K-M, 4.31 A-D) and Wiley-Liss (Figs 2.1, 2.7);
other reproduction permissions are acknowledged in indi
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ISBN 3-11-016210-5 Copyright © 2003 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.
KG, Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of transla
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Editor's preface
"It is impossible to do justice in a book of modest in the first volume, some differences in style and
length to a group of organisms as large, and with presentation have been left un-harmonized
so complex a biology, as the Lepidoptera; so this where they are considered unlikely to create con
volume is a summary and a selective one at that". fusion. For example, Roman or Arabic numerals
With this statement Malcolm J. Scoble opened have been accepted for the segments of the tho
his 1992 book on Lepidoptera "Form, Function rax and abdomen. Similarly, examples of both
and Diversity", which for more than a decade British and American spelling will be found. The
now has been the standard reference on the sub information provided in Appendix 2 should
ject. The account of Lepidoptera in the Hand prove helpful for solving problems arising from
book of Zoology series, of which the present vol inconsistencies in the application of generic
ume is the second and concluding part, is con names.
siderably more than twice the length of the Sco Author sequence in coauthored chapters is
ble book (it also covers more subjects), but it too usually alphabetical, and in such cases it may, or
should be characterized as "a summary and a may not, indicate who was the principal contri
selective one at that". The accumulated knowl butor (if the workload was indeed unevenly di
edge about larger animal groups such as the vided). However, the alphabetical sequence has
Lepidoptera has now reached such a magnitude been abandoned more often than was the case in
that no manageable 'Handbook' account can be volume 1, in recognition of the role that name
comprehensive in the strict sense of the word. sequences have come to play in some quarters of
However, it still remains the ambition of the the international research community.
Handbook of Zoology series to be comprehensive The problems, outlined in the preface to the
in the sense that its text and references together first volume, about page allotments to individual
should provide users with a platform from which chapters have not been diminished in the present
detailed inquiries into the subjects treated can be volume. Moreover, problems about 'what to in
rationally initiated. clude' have been particularly difficult to resolve.
While most of the literature cited in this book For example, important insights into Lepidop
was published from the mid-1900s onwards, it tera biology from molecular biology, genetics,
must be emphasized that a significant number of developmental biology, cell physiology etc have
the (still!) most valuable contributions on at least been gained from the study of Manduca sexta,
the anatomy of Lepidoptera are older. The pres Bombyx mori and a few other model species of
ent account is written in the tradition of J. Bour the order, but a more extensive presentation of
gogne's Lepidoptera chapter (1951) in the Traite many of these insights would arguably fall out
de Zoologie, and of H. Zerny & M. Beier's chap side the scope of a Lepidoptera treatment in the
ter (1936) in the first edition of the present series. Handbook of Zoology series. I believe that the
References to previous contributions can be contributors to this volume have struck the right
found in these treatments, as well as in the out balance. Given that almost all chapters are larger
standing Fauna of Russia and Adjacent Countries than planned originally, the addition of yet more
Lepidoptera manual by Kuznetsov (1915-1929; information would have had to have come at the
English translation 1967), where particularly expense of some of that already included.
comprehensive references to the early literature This volume has had a long gestation. The first
are given. author teams of the two volumes were recruited
Volume 1 of the present Handbook, which was at about the same time (in the mid-1980s), but
concerned primarily with systematics and evolu unforeseen delays in completion of volume 1 evi
tion, included a taxonomic name index, but no dently aggravated the situation with respect to
subject index. The opposite is true of volume 2, volume 2. Unfortunately some of the designated
where a taxonomic name index would arguably authors felt compelled, by changing commit
serve little purpose. However, all generic names ments, to withdraw from the project in the mid
mentioned are listed (Appendix 2) alphabetically and late 1990s. The process of finding suitable
with an indication of the family-group assign replacements, and the time taken for the new au
ment, and a reference to the chapter number in thors to start, delayed completion of the work. I
volume 1 where the formal treatment of the was immensely privileged that even under these
taxon is given. Cross references to chapters (and difficult circumstances JayneYack, Uwe Horn
figures) in this two-volume Handbook account of berg, Sridhara Sridhara, Jurate de Prins, Ray
the Lepidoptera are given by emboldened vol mond Barbehenn, Guy Poppy, Eric Warrant and
ume-and-chapter numbers; thus 1-8 and 2-8 refer Almut Kelber accepted the task of completing or
to chapter 8 in volume 1 and 2 respectively. As writing in their entirety key chapters. In the case
VI Editor's preface
of chapter 16 the designated replacement author original artwork, and Preben Jensen of the Mu
resigned as late as September 2002, and at that seum graphics workshop, who together with my
stage I saw no alternative to compiling myself a (then) student assistants Ole S. Moller and
succinct account of the subject (on which I had Jesper Stenderup mounted and lettered numer
only limited personal research experience). ous figures. Very special thanks are due to Ole
The entire manuscript was mailed to the Pub Karsholt for continued friendship and support; it
lishers by the end of November 2002, long after is his expert daily management of the Museum's
the first chapters had been completed. Most au Lepidoptera section that has enabled me to in
thors have, however kept their text updated, and vest the time needed to complete this book pro
in some cases the updating has (as in volume 1) ject.
come in the form of an 'Addendum' section And again it is a pleasure to thank staff mem
added at galley proof stage (mid-2003), and bers of the Walter de Gruyter company for their
printed at the end of the chapter. collaboration on the series, namely Dr Christiane
As an editor I owe an immense debt of grati Bowinkelmann (initially), Dr Annika Meyer
tude to all contributing authors for their com (later) and Dr Josef Kleine of the Medical and
mitment, patience and forbearance. I am simi Natural Science Division, and Ms Ingeborg Klak
larly grateful to external chapter reviewers. Sev of the Production Department.
eral people in the Copenhagen Zoologisk Mu
seum have provided valued assistance; of special Copenhagen, September 2003
note are Birgitte RubIBk, who made some fine Niels P. Kristensen
Outgoing editor's farewell
Lieber Leser, liebe Mitarbeiter am Handbuch der Zoologie!
Seit dem Jahre 1982 konnte ich in der Nachfolge von Max Beier die Leitung des Handbuches der
Zoologie, Entomologie, als Herausgeber ubernehmen. Aus Altersgrunden mi:ichte ich nun diese Funk
tion dankbar in jungere Hande weitergeben. lch darf zunachst den Lesern der Beitrage vom Teilband
28 bis zur Gegenwart for ihre Treue zu dieser Schriftenreihe herzlich Dank sagen. Sie haben dem
Verlag Walter deGruyter, den Autoren und auch mir die Legitimation zur Fortfohrung des Programms
gegeben. Ich danke allen Autoren, die so qualifizierte Beitrage geliefert und eine ausgezeichnete Zu
sammenarbeit gewahrleistet haben. Nicht zuletzt will ich aber auch dem Verlag und seinen zahlreichen
Mitarbeitern innigen Dank ausdrucken for das Weiterfohren der Schriftenreihe und das fruchtbare
Zusammenwirken auch mit mir!
Meinem Kollegen Niels P. Kristensen und Rolf G. Beutel danke ich for die Ubernahme meiner
Nachfolge und wunsche ihnen besten Erfolg. Die Leser des Handbuchs der Zoologie mi:igen ihnen und
dem Verlag auch in Zukunft wie bisher die Treue halten!
Wien, Januar 2003
Ihr Maximilian Fischer
Dear Reader, dear co-worker of the Handbook of Zoology!
Since 1982 I have been able to continue the edition of the Handbook of Zoology, entomology as
successor of Max Beier. For reasons of age, I would now like to give this office into younger hands.
To begin with I would like to thank the readers of the contributions from part 28 till today for their
loyality to this edition. You have given the Walter de Gruyter Publishers and me the justification to
continue with the program. I wish to thank all authors who made such valuable contributions and
ensured excellent cooperation. Furthermore I wish to express the publishing house and its sizable staff
my most sincere gratitude for the continuation of the series and the fruitful cooperation with me.
And I would like to thank my colleagues Niels P. Kristensen and Rolf G. Beutel for becoming my
successors and I wish them every success. May the readers of the Handbook of Zoology remain loyal
to them and the publishing house as they are today.
Vienna, January 2003
Maximilian Fischer