Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies

504 Pages·1998·43.07 MB·English

by  Niels Peder Kristensen

Handbuch der Zoologie
Handbook of Zoology
Band/Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta
Niels P. Kristensen (ed.)
Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies
Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography
Teilband/Part 35
Handbuch der Zoologìe
Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches
Handbook of Zoology
A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
Gegründet von / Founded by Willy Kükenthal
Fortgeführt von / Continued by M. Beier, M. Fischer, J.-G. Helmcke,
D. Starck, H. Wermuth
Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35
Herausgeber / Editor Maximilian Fischer
W
DE
G
Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York 1999

Niels P. Kristensen (ed.)
Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies
Volume 1:
Evolution, Systematics,
and Biogeography
W
DE
G
Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York 1999
Autor und Herausgeber Schriftleiter und Herausgeber
Author and Scientific Editor Managing and Scientific Editor
Professor Dr. Niels P. Kristensen Hofrat Univ.-Doz.
Zoological Museum Mag. Dr. Maximilian Fischer
University of Copenhagen Direktor am
Universitetsparken 15 Naturhistorischen Museum Wien
DK-2100 Copenhagen Burgring 7
Denmark A-1014 Wien
Austria
Verlag / Publishers
Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. Walter de Gruyter, Inc.
Genthiner Straße 13 200 Saw Mill River Road
D-10785 Berlin Hawthorne, N. Y. 10532
Germany USA
Library of Congress - Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of Zoology
agr 23-1436
© Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guide-
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - Cataloging-in-Publication Data lines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.
Handbuch der Zoologie : eine Naturgeschichte der
Stämme des Tierreiches / gegr. von Willy Kükenthal.
Copyright © 1998 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.,
Fortgef. von M. Beier ... — Berlin ; New York : de
Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation
Gruyter
into foreign languages. No part of this book may be
Teilw. mit Paralleli.: Handbook of zoology
reproduced in any form - by photoprint, microfilm or
Bd. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta / Hrsg. Maximilian Fischer
any other means nor transmitted nor translated into a
Teilbd. 35. Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies
machine language without written permission from the
Vol. 1. Evolution, systematics, and biogeography /
publisher. - Printed in Germany.
Niels P. Kristensen (ed.). - 1998
ISBN 3-11-015704-7 Typesetting and Printing: Arthur Collignon GmbH, Ber-
lin. - Binding: Lüderitz & Bauer GmbH, Berlin.
Editor's preface
Thirty years have elapsed since the publication ever, in the case of some chapters where the
of the first issues in this second edition of the responsibility for different section has been
Insecta section of the Handbuch der Zoologie! clearly divided between authors, this has been
Handbook of Zoology. Not surprisingly there- explained.
fore, editorial principles and standards are now As is usual in works of this kind an approxi-
changing to ensure that the series can continue mate total length of the volumes was agreed
to fulfill its intended role in the biological refer- from the outset. The subsequent page allocation
ence literature. to individual chapters was evidently fraught with
While treatments of the majority of the small problems. As far as the systematics chapters are
and mediumsized insect groups conventionally concerned a balance was sought between criteria
ranked as 'orders' have been issued already, only concerning species richness, diversity (there is
a single treatment of a 'megadiverse' order has not necessarily a simple correlation of the two),
been completed, viz., Willi Hennig's 1973 volume importance in a phylogenetic context, biological
on the Dipera. By the 1980s it had become clear phenomena of general interest, and knowledge
that accounts of the larger insect groups of the available. Unquestionably different traditions in
breadth and depth required in the Handbuch/ the study of different major lineages, as well as
Handbook series were far beyond the capacity of contrasting maturity of their classifications, con-
tribute to any imbalance that may remain in the
any single author or even of a small team of
treatment. For instance, while all tortricoid
authors. The present Lepidoptera volume, then,
moths are included currently in just a single fam-
is the first example of the genuine multi-author
ily, a globally applicable tribal taxonomy is now
treatment which will be adopted in forthcoming
available for this lineage; the detailed treatment
volumes on the large insect orders. Moreover, it
down to this level is likely to be welcomed by
is our aim that future volumes in the series focus-
users. By contrast, the preliminary state of the
sing on systematic entities will be published in
higher classification of the much more species-
English.
rich family Geometridae largely explains the rel-
Two Lepidoptera volumes are planned. The
atively more brief treatment of this taxon. Since
present volume on systematics, evolution and
most authors probably considered alloted space
biogeography will be followed by one on mor-
inadequate for a proper treatment of their sub-
phology and physiology. The latter is in an ad-
jects), exesses were the rule rather than the ex-
vanced stage of preparation. Plans for a third vol-
ception! Some manuscripts were shortened by
ume dealing with Lepidoptera ecology and behav-
the editor. But variation between authors in ob-
iour were abandoned after consultation with a
serving space limitations remains another source
number of potential editors: While ecological and
of imbalance in chapter length.
behavioural research on moths and butterflies has
long been vigorous, there is greater motivation Differences between individual chapters in
for reviewing findings emerging therefrom in style and presentation have been left unharmo-
contexts other than one centred just on the order nized, as long as they are unlikely to create con-
Lepidoptera. Needless to say, a certain body of fusion. For instance, the use of both Roman and
information on ecology and behaviour is indeed Arabic numerals to designate abdominal segment
being provided in relevant places in both volume numbers has been accepted. Similarly, examples
1 and 2. Moreover, volume 1 was broadened to of both English and American spelling will be
accommodate a chapter on larval food relation- found.
ships, a topic which certainly can be appropri- While works of this kind are intended primar-
ately summarized in a Lepidoptera context, i.e., ily to provide state-of-the-art reviews, the prepa-
within a large-scale evolutionary framework. ration of contributions for the present volume
Cross references between chapters in this two- prompted some authors to undertake a substan-
volume Handbook treatment of the Lepidoptera tial amount of original research. Hence the
is eased by means of emboldened volume-and- content of some chapters is truly innovative.
chapter numbers; thus 1-8 and 2—8 refer to Necessarily, subjective decisions had to be made
chapter 8 in volume 1 and 2 respectively. concerning what could appropriately be included
Name sequence of contributors to coauthored in the treatment published here. For instance, the
chapters is alphabetical (except in the case of sizable original analyses of butterfly inter-rela-
chapter 1—20, where this principle was aban- tionships upon which chapter 1 — 16 is largely
doned at an express request from within the based were found to exceed the scope of a Hand-
author team), hence it does not necessarily indi- book chapter, and they were accordingly pub-
lished as a separate journal article (de Jong, R.,
cate who was the principal contributor (if the
Vane-Wright, R. I. & Ackery, R R.: Ent. scand.
workload was indeed unevenly shared). How-
VI Editor's preface
27: 65-101, 1996). But it was decided that the As an editor I am greatly indebted to the team
similarly innovative analysis of Gelechioid phy- of authors for their commitment, faith and pa-
logeny, which forms the basis of 1—9, should be tience. I similarly thank the numerous specialists
included, with the primary material printed as who provided reviews of individual chapters. Fi-
appendices. nally I thank Dr Maximilian Fischer (former sole
While some contributions were completed just editor, Insecta section of the Handbook series)
before type-setting of the entire colume was initi- as well as PD Dr Mario Noyer-Weidner and Ms
Christiane Bowinkelmann (Walter de Gruyter,
ated, others had been completed considerably
Biosciences Division) and Ms Ingeborg Klak
earlier. However, most authors were able to take
(Walter de Gruyter, Production Department) for
the opportunity to make additions to their con-
their collaboration on this enterprise.
tributions in 1997, so the volume as a whole will
appear reasonably updated by the time of its Copenhagen, April 1998
publication. Niels P. Kristensen
Contents
Editor's preface V 12. The Tortricoidea.
Marianne Horak 199
Contributors IX
1. Historical Introduction. 13. The Smaller Microlepidopteran-Grade
Niels P. Kristensen 1 Superfamilies.
John S. Dugdale, Niels P. Kristensen,
2. Phylogeny and Palaeontology.
Gaden S. Robinson & Malcolm J. Scoble 217
Niels P. Kristensen & Andrzej W. Skalski 1
14. The Pyraloidea.
3. Classification and Keys to Higher Taxa.
Eugene Munroe & M. Alma Solis . . .. 233
David J. Carter & Niels P. Kristensen. . 27
15. The Axioidea and Calliduloidea.
4. The Non-Glossatan Moths.
Joël Minet 257
Niels P. Kristensen 41
16. The Butterflies: Hedyloidea,
5. The Homoneurous Glossata.
Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea.
Niels P. Kristensen 51
Phillip R. Ackery, Rienk de Jong &
6. The Monotrysian Heteroneura.
Richard I. Vane- Wright 263
Donald R. Davis 65
17. The Drepanoid/Geometroid
7. The Tineoidea and Gracillarioidea.
Assemblage.
Donald R. Davis & Gaden S. Robinson 91
Joël Minet & Malcolm J. Scoble 301
8. The Yponomeutoidea.
18. The Bombycoidea and their Relatives.
John S. Dugdale, Niels P. Kristensen,
Claude Lemaire & Joël Minet 321
Gaden S. Robinson & Malcolm J. Scoble 119
19. The Noctuoidea.
9. The Gelechioidea.
Ian J. Kitching & John E. Rawlins . . . 355
Ronald W. Hodges 131
20. Evolution of Larval Food Preferences
10. The Zygaenoidea.
in Lepidoptera.
Marc E. Epstein, Henk Geertsema, Clas
Jerry Powell, Charles Mitter & Brian
M. Naumann & Gerhard M. Tarmann 159
Farrell 403
11. The Cossoid/Sesioid Assemblage.
21. Biogeography of the Lepidoptera.
Edward D. Edwards, Patricia Gentili,
Jeremy D. Holloway <6 Ebbe S. Nielsen 423
Niels P. Kristensen, Marianne Horak &
Ebbe S. Nielsen 181 Index of Scientific Lepidoptera Names . . . 463