LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH GREENLEAF MANZANITA, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PATULA E. GREENE (ERICACEAE), IN SHASTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

7 Pages·1995·3.6 MB·

by  M A Valenti

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
97(4), 1995, pp. 872-878
LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH GREENLEAF MANZANITA,
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS PATULA E. GREENE (ERICACEAE), IN
SHASTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
Michael A. Valenti' and Richard S. Zack
Department of Entomology, Washington State University Pullman, Washington 99164-
6382.
—
Abstract. Fifty lepidopteran taxa were collected in association with greenleafmanzanita.
Of these, 31 were collected from manzanita foliage as larvae and 29 were reared to adult-
hood. A listing oftaxa is presented including method ofcollection, life stage(s) encountered
in the field, collecting locations, and parasitoids reared from collected specimens.
Key Words: Lepidoptera, Arctostaphylos patula, greenleaf manzanita, parasitoids
Greenleaf manzanita, Arctostaphylos pa- ta. In this paper we present results of the
tula E. Greene (Ericaceae), is a broadleaf Lepidoptera inventory. This list includes
evergreen shrub that commonly occurs in important host information on many species
the Sierra Nevada mountain range of the for which virtually nothing is known. In ad-
western United States (Hickman 1993). dition, records of parasitoids and other nat-
This particular manzanita species grows in ural enemies, when available, are presented
mesic habitats associated with montane for- for a number of species.
m
est zones generally above 303 (1000 ft)
in elevation (Ball et al. 1983). In general, Materials and Methods
information concerning insects and brush- —
Site descriptions. Bear Wallow. This
field ecosystems (e.g. montane chaparral 20+ ha, old-growth greenleaf manzanita
communities) is currently lacking in the lit- brushfield (elevation 1524 m [5000 ft]) is
erature (Force 1990); this is certainly the located 3 km (by dirt road) from CA Route
case concerning herbivorous insects asso- 89 in Old Station (approximately 6.6 km
ciated with greenleaf manzanita (e.g. Haws south southwest of the Logan Lake site)
et al. 1988). In response to the growing (T32N R4E SIO). Greenleaf manzanita,
concern over a limited number of control m
which averaged 1.5-2.0 in height, ac-
options for greenleaf manzanita shrubs counted for approximately 85% of the total
which compete with more economically im-
vegetation.
portant timber species, a study was con-
Hat Creek. Located adjacent to the
ducted from 1989 to 1994 to evaluate the USDA Forest Service Work Center, Hat
potential of using native insects to alter Creek, CA (T34N R4E SI6) (elevation
vegetative composition (Valenti 1994). 1018 m [3340 ftj), this site consists of a
More than 500 insect species were identi- variety of woody plant species. Greenleaf
fied in association with greenleaf manzani- manzanita is fairly common but accounted
for less than 30% of the total vegetation.
ture',Pr2e3s2en0tSa.ddDruepsos:ntDeHlgawwya.r,eDDoevpearr,tmDeEnt1o9f90A1g-r5i5c1u5l.- Other plant species present at this site in-
Send reprint requests to RSZ. cluded: sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata
—
VOLUME NUMBER
97, 4 873
Nuttall) (Asteraceae); curl-leaf mountain- the junction of Hilltop Drive and California
mahogany {Cercocarpus ledifolius Nut- Route 44. Larvae were actively feeding on
tall), birch-leaf mountain-mahogany (C. an ornamental manzanita, Arctostaphylos
hetuloides Torrey & A. Gray), and ante- densiflora Baker, and several dozen were
lope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata subsequently transferred to caged A. patula
[Pursh] de Candolle) (Rosaceae); Califor- plants at the Hat Creek Forest Insect Lab-
nia black oak {Quercus kelloggii Newber- oratory. —
ry) (Fagaceae); and a mixture of conifers Arthropod survey. Lepidoptera were
including ponderosa pine {Finns pondero- sampled by visually searching and hand
sa Lawson). sugar pine (P. lambertiana picking individuals from plants, sweeping
Douglas), white fir {Abies concolor [Gor- foliage with a canvas net, and Malaise trap-
&
don Glendinning] Lindley), Douglas-fir ping (at the Logan lake site only). Gener-
{Pseiidotsuga menziesii [Mirbel] Franco), ally, collecting began in May and ended in
incense cedar {Calocedrus decurrens [Tor- August for the years 1989 to 1994. Adult
rey] Florin), and western juniper {Jimip- specimens collected in the field were trans-
eriis occidentalis Hooker) (Pinaceae). ported to the USDA Forest Service, Forest
Logan Lake. This site (elevation 1512 m Insect Laboratory, Hat Creek, CA, for prep-
[4960 ftj) is located 3.2 km (by dirt road) aration. All adult specimens were pinned
northwest of CA Route 89 in Old Station, and labelled with complete collecting infor-
approximately 24 km south of Hat Creek, mation. Voucher specimens are deposited in
CA (T32N R4E S2&3). Dominant vegeta- the Maurice T. James Entomological Col-
tion consisted of greenleaf manzanita lection, Department of Entomology, Wash-
(74%), tobacco brush (Ceanothus velutinus ington State University, Pullman.
Hooker) (Rhamnaceae) (1 1%), and ponder- Attempts were made to rear all encoun-
osa pine (9%). The 50+ ha site is located tered immatures to adults. Individual larvae
1.6 km west of Logan Lake on an east-fac- were placed in small plastic containers or
ing slope and was mechanically cleared of screen cages with host material and allowed
all standing vegetation in 1976 and planted to develop and pupate. Many pupae re-
to ponderosa pine the following year. quired a cold treatment (e.g., 90 d at 4°C)
Greenleaf manzanita shrubs averaged 1.5- before adults emerged. Parasitic flies (Dip-
m
2.0 in height. tera) and wasps (Hymenoptera) were col-
Tamarack Swale. In 1974, this 25+ ha lected from these larval rearings.
site was mechanically cleared and ponder-
Results
osa pine seedlings were planted in 1975.
The site is located in a valley 6.4 km (by Following the scientific name of each
dirt road) southwest of CA Route 89 ap- species is the meth—od of collection (Hp
proximately 5 km south of Hat Creek han—d picking, Sw sweeping foliage, or
([5T43030Nft]R).4ETobSa4c&co9)br(ueslhev(a1t6i%o)n a1n6d46ponm- (MEt—eMgag—l,aiLse—ltraarpv)a,, sPt—agep(usp)a,enAco—unatdeurletd,
derosa pine (8%) were interspread with the and rA reared adult), and collection lo-
(BW— HC—
dominant species, greenleaf manzanita cation Bear Wallow, Hat
— —
(61%). Greenleaf manzanita shrubs were Creek, LL Logan Lake, TS Tamarack
—
removed again in 1984 during a second me- and Swale, and OL other location).
chanical clearing treatment, however, Greenleaf manzanita is the host for 31 of
shrubs subsequently became reestablished the species collected and, unless otherwise
and averaged 0.75 m in height. noted, apparently represent new host re-
Other location. In May 1991, a localized cords. None of the hymenopteran parasit-
outbreak of a tussock moth (Lymantriidae) oids encountered in this study are listed in
was discovered in Redding, California, at the comprehensive catalog by Krombein et
874 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
a'. (1979) and just two tachinid (Diptera) Choristoneura sp. {rosaceana [Harris]
piuasitoid records (as noted) have previous- species complex): Hp; L, rA; HC
ly been reported (Arnaud 1978). Accounts Parasitoids reared from larvae (falso
of spider (Araneae) predation on larvae of listed in Arnaud [1978]):
a geometrid are also new. Distributional re- Erynnia tortricis (Coquillett) (Dip-
HC
cords are included for an additional 19 spe- tera: Tachinidae):t
cies of Lepidoptera collected in association Eumea caesar (Aldrich) (Diptera:
with greenleaf manzanita brushfield com- Tachinidae):t HC
munities (18 as adults and one as a chrys- Nilea or Lespesia sp. (Diptera: Ta-
HC
alis and reared to adulthood). chinidae):
Epinotia arctostaphylana (Kearfott): Hp;
Greenleaf Manzanita Host Records L, rA; LL
Psychidae Related host record: Arctostaphylos
Hyaloscotes fumosa Butler: Hp; L, rA; uva-ursi L. (Dyar 1904)
HC E. miscana (Kearfott): Hp; L, rA; LL, TS
Gracillariidae E. suhplicana (Walsingham): Hp; L, rA;
undet. genus and species (serpentine LL
mine): Hp; L; BW, HC, LL, TS Related host record: Arctostaphylos
undet. genus and species (blotch mine): manzanita C. Parry (Heinrich
Hp; L; BW, HC, LL, TS 1923)
Coleophoridae E. terracoctana (Walsingham): Hp; L,
Coleophora glaitcella Walsingham: Hp; rA; LL
L, rA; BW, HC, LL, TS Lycaenidae
Related host record: Arctostaphylos Incisalia augustus iroides (Boisduval):
glaucella Lindley (Walsingham Hp; L, rA; HC, LL
1882) Related host record: Arctostaphylos
This casebearer is also known to feed uva-ursi L. (Scott 1986)
on other manzanita species in- Geometridae
cluding A. insularis E. Greene, A. Aethaloida packardaria (Hulst): Hp; E,
viscida C. Parry, and A. patiiJa L, rA; HC, LL
(J.-F. Landry, pers. comm.). Several generations of this species
Parasitoids reared from larvae: were also reared through on kin-
Agathis sp. (Hymenoptera: Bracon- nikinnick, Arctostaphylos uva-
HC
idae): ursi L.
Chelonus sp. (Hymenoptera: Bra- Anacamptodes clivinaria clivinaria
conidae): HC (Guenee): Hp; L, rA; LL
HC
Gelechiidae Eupithecia sp.: Hp; L, rA;
Gelechia panella Busck: Hp; L, rA: HC, Hesperumia fumosaria impensa Rindge:
LL Hp; L, rA; BW, HC, LL, TS
Pseiidochelaria manzxinitae (Keifer): Hp; Larval habits were previously un-
L, rA; HC, LL, TS known. Late larval instars occur
Related host record: Arctostaphylos sp. in three distinct color morphs
(Duckworth 1964) which mimic host stems. A yel-
Parasitoid reared from larvae: low-green morph with a dorsal
Erynnia tortricis (Coquillett) (Dip- crimson stripe and a uniformly
tera: Tachinidae): HC crimson morph occur on green-
Tortricidae leaf manzanita. The third morph
Amorhia cuneana (Walsingham): Hp; L, is mottled gray and occurs on an-
HC
rA: telope bitterbrush.
VOLUME 97, NUMBER 4 875
Parasitoids reared from larvae: Meteorus rubens (Nees) (Hymenop-
Deopalpus sp. nr contiguus (Rein- tera: Braconidae): LL
hard) (Diptera: Tachinidae): Dusona nigritibialis (Viereck) (Hy-
HC menoptera: Ichneumonidae):
Madremyia saundersii (Williston) LL
HC
(Diptera: Tachinidae): Euplectrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eu-
Phryxe pecosensis (Townsend) lophidae): LL
HC
(Diptera: Tachinidae): Parasitoid observed in the field attack-
Aleiodes nolophanae (Ashmead) ing larval instar III:
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Goniozus gracilicornis (Kieffer)
HC
(Hymenoptera: Bethylidae):
Nemoha glaucomarginaria (Barnes & HC
McDunnough): Hp; L, rA; LL Predators observed in the field attack-
Porter (1986) reported that wild col- ing larvae:
lected larvae are unknown. He Misiimenops celer (Hentz) (Arane-
collected ova from wild female ae: Thomisidae): LL
moths and reared larvae on Cali- Xysticus sp. (Araneae: Thomisidae):
fornia live oak, Quercus agrifolia LL
Nee, California white oak, Q. lob- Metaphidippus sp. (Araneae: Salti-
ata Nee, and cork oak, Q. suber- cidae): LL
ic. (Fagaceae). Larvae we collect- Lasiocampidae
ed from greenleaf manzanita
Malacosoma californicum (Packard):
plants have dorsolateral projec- Hp; L, rA; HC, LL
tions, and late instars mimic M. constrictum (Henry Edwards): Hp; L,
greenleaf manzanita inflorescence HC
rA;
stems both in coloration (yellow, M. disstria Hiibner: Hp; L, rA; HC
green, and red) and physical ap-
Phyllodesma americcma (Harris): Hp; L,
pearance. rA; LL
Synaxis cen'inaria (Packard): Hp; E, L,
Lymantriidae
rA; BW, HC, LL, TS
Orgyia cana Henry Edwards: Hp; L, rA;
Larval habits were previously un- OL
known. Mature larval coloration
Larvae were collected from Vine Hill
varies from dark gray to crimson
manzanita, Arctostaphylos densi-
(often mottled). Larvae mimic
stems and twigs of greenleaf flora, in Redding, California, and
manzanita shrubs (see Valenti reared to adulthood on greenleaf
[1994] for complete descriptions manzanita at Hat Creek; a subse-
ofall life stages and life history). quent generation was also reared
Parasitoids reared from eggs: through to adulthood with green-
Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: leaf manzanita as host.
Trichogrammatidae): HC, LL Saturniidae
Telenomus alsophilae Viereck (Hy- Hemileuca eglanterina shastaensis
menoptera: Scelionidae): HC, (Grote): Hp; L, rA; HC, LL
LL Related host record: Arctostaphylos sp.
Parasitoids reared from larvae: (Packard 1914)
Campylochaeta sp. (Diptera: Ta- Hyalophora eiaycdus (Boisduval): Hp; E,
chinidae): LL L, rA; HC, LL
Aleiodes n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Bra- Related host record: Arctostaphylos sp.
conidae): LL (Collins and Weast 1961)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
?Ji
Satnrnia mendocino Behrens: Hp; E, L, Cyclophora dataria (Hulst): Sw; A; LL
rA; LL, TS Drepanulatrix rectifascia (Hulst): Sw; A;
Related host record: Arctostaphylos to- LL
mentosa (Pursh) Lindley (Ed- D. unicalcararia (Guenee): Sw; A; LL
wards 1880) Itame guenearia (Packard): Sw; A; HC
Parasitoid reared from larvae: /. quadrilinearia (Packard): Mt; A; LL
Lespesia sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae): Nemoria darwiniata (Dyar): Sw; A; HC,
LL LL
Sphingidae Sabulodes edwardsata (Hulst): Mt; A;
Sphinx vashti Strecker: Hp; L, rA; HC LL
Noctuidae Semiothisa signaria dispuncta (Walker):
Acronicta 1perdita Grote: Hp; L, rA; LL Mt; A; LL
Apharetra californiae McDunnough: Hp; Sericosemajuturnaria (Guenee): Sw; A;
L, rA; LL HC
&
Parasitoid reared from larvae: S. wilsonensis (Cassino Swett): Mt; A;
Periscepsia helymus (Walker) (Dip- LL
tera: Tachinidae): LL Sphingidae
Aseptis ethnica Smith: Hp; L, rA; HC, Hyles lineata (E): Mt; A; LL
LL Paonias myops (J.E. Smith): Hp; A; HC
Parasitoid reared from larvae: Several adults were collected on the
Periscepsia helymus (Walker) (Dip- inside of an 8 X 8 m bird exclo-
tera: Tachinidae): LL sure (with 1.5 X 1.5 cm open-
ings) containing only greenleaf
Distributional Records
manzanita. It is doubtful these
Hepialidae adults came from outside the ex-
Hepialis hectoides Boisduval: Hp; A; HC closure because they were larger
Pyralidae than the net openings. It is quite
Tulsa ? oregonella (Barnes & Mc- conceivable that larvae fed on
Dunnough): Mt; A; LL greenleaf manzanita and pupated
Hesperiidae inside the exclosure. Adults that
Hesperia sp.: Mt; A; LL subsequently emerged became
Nymphalidae trapped inside the exclosure net-
Nymphalis californica (Boisduval): Hp; ting.
P rA, A; BW, HC, LL, TS Arctiidae
This species is known to feed on Ce- Spilosoma vestalis Packard: Sw; A; HC,
anothus spp. and has been re- LL
corded on other shrubs including
Discussion
Arctostaphylos (Furniss and Barr
1975). Adults were fairly com- The information presented here repre-
monly encountered and a single sents the first in-depth study of the lepi-
chrysalis was found attached to a dopterous fauna associated with a manza-
leaf in a clump of isolated green- nita species. In two general treatments of
leafmanzanita shrubs growing in insects affecting important western trees
a gravel pit at the Hat Creek site. and shrubs (Eurniss and Barr 1975, Eurniss
Geometridae and Carolin 1977), only four species of
Apodrepanulatrix litaria (Hulst): Sw; A; Lepidoptera are recorded feeding on Arc-
LL tostaphylos spp.; Nymphalis californica,
Chlorosea nevadaria Packard: Sw; A; Hemileuca eglanterina, Hyalophora eury-
HC alus, and a species not encountered in our
VOLUME 97, NUMBER 4 877
Study, Orgyia vetusta gulosa (Henry Ed- Solis and an anonymous reviewer on an
wards) (Lymantriidae). The collection and earlier draft of this manuscript.
rearing of 29 species substantiates that a
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