LEPECHINIA ROSSII (LAMIACEAE), A NARROW ENDEMIC FROM THE WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

2006·7.3 MB·English

by  Steve Boyd

— — — —
i
Madrono, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 77-84, 2006
LEPECHINIA ROSSI (LAMIACEAE), A NARROW ENDEMIC FROM THE
I
WESTERN TRANSVERSE RANGES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Steve Boyd and Orlando Mistretta
Herbarium, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711
[email protected]
Abstract
Lepechiuia rossii (Lamiaceae) is described as a new species narrowly endemic to the western
Transverse Ranges ofsouthern California. It is a member ofsection Calycimic\ which includes four
additional species endemic to Califo—rnia and adjacent Baja California, Mexico L. calycina, L.
cardiophylla, L. fragrcms, L. gcmderi and L. mexicana, an anomalous, and probably unrelated,
species from central Mexico. Lepechinia rossii is most readily distinguished from other members of
section Calycinae by geniculate inflorescence axes, bent at 60-90 angles relative to the subtending
stems, and by large, foliaceous inflorescence bracts which are generally equaling or exceeding their
adjacent flowers in length, and little reduced distally. At present, two populations are documented,
one in the Liebre Mountains (Los Angeles County) and one in the Topatopa Mountains (Ventura
County), both occurring in chaparral, on public lands administered by the U.S. Forest Service.
Conservation concerns include habitat degradation by off-highway vehicle activity, power line
maintenance, petroleum exploration and extraction, and anthropogenic changes in fire frequency.
Resumen
Lepechinia rossii (Lamiaceae) es descrita como una nueva especie con endemismo limitado a la
cadenaTransverse Ranges(occidental)del SurdeCalifornia. Estaespecieesun miembrodela seccion
Calycinae, la cual incluye cuatro especies adicionales endemicas a California y zonas adya—centes
a California en Baja California, Mexico L. calycina, L. cardiophylla, L. fragrcms, L. gcmderi y L.
me.xicana, anomalos y probablemente no relacionadas, especies de Mexico central y sur-central.
Lepechinia rossiies facilmente diferenciado de los otros miembros de la seccion Calycinae porque sus
ejes de la inflorescencia son curvados en un angulo de 60 90 con respecto al tallo y porque las
bracteas de la inflorescencia son largas y foliaceas, las cuales son generalmente iguales o exceden en
longitud a sus flores adyacentes y porque el tamaiio de las bracteas a lo largo del eje de la
inflorescenciaapenassereduceen longitud. En la actualidad, dospoblacionessondocumentadas, una
en la Liebre Mountains (Condado de Los Angeles) y la otra en la Topatopa Mountains (Condado de
Ventura), ambas se encuentran en chaparrales, sobre terrenos publicos administrados por el Servicio
Forestal de los Estados Unidos. Problemas de conservacion incluye degradacion del habitat por
actividad todoterrenos, mantenimiento de lineas deelectricidad, exploracion yextraccion de petroleo,
y cambios antropogenicos en la frecuencia de incendios.
Key Words: California, Calycinae, endemic, Lamiaceae, Lepechinia, Liebre Mountains, Topatopa
Mountains, Transverse Ranges.
Introduction verse Ranges and northern Channel Islands
southward, with two [L. cardiophylla, L. gcmderi)
Lepechinia Willd. (Lamiaceae) is a heteroge- reaching adjacent northwestern Baja California,
nous genus comprised of ca. 55 species of Mexico (Fig. lA). All four taxa are placed by
suffruticose perennials, shrubs, and small trees Epling (1948) within his section Calycinae, along
(Epling 1948; Mabberly 1997). Most taxa occur with L. niexicana (S. Schauer) Epling from
in the mountains of South America, with a few central Mexico. We describe here a fifth species
species extending into North America (Mexico, of Lepechinia section Calycinae from Califor-
CA), and disjunctly, into the Pacific Ocean nia Lepechinia rossii S. Boyd & O. Mistretta
archipelagos of Revillagigedos (Mexico) and based on collections made in the Liebre and
Hawai'i (Epling 1948). The most recent broad- Topatopa mountains, two units of southern
scale floristic treatments for California (e.g., California's western Transverse Ranges. Al-
Munz 1959; Averett 1993), and southern Cali- though the affinity of L. rossii with other
fornia (Munz 1974), recognize four species of Californian members of Lepechinia section Caly-
Lepechinia in the State. These include L. calycina cinae is evident in a number of variously shared
(Benth.) Epling; L. cardiophylla Epling; L. morphological characters (e.g., habit, leaf shape,
fragrcms (E. Greene) Epling; and L. gander leaf ve—stiture, calyx shape, corolla siz—e and
Epling. The latter three taxa are found only in shape) Epling's "living mosaic" (1944) it is
the southern third of the State, from the Trans- a suite of inflorescence characters that most
MADRONO
78 [Vol. 53
Fig. 1. Lepccliinitirossii. A)mapshowingrelativedi—stribution ofLepechiuias—ect. Ca/ycinactaxainCalifo—rniaand
northern Baja California—, Mexico. Lepechiuia rossii—open stars; L. calyciiui closed circles; L. fragrcms closed
squares; L. cardiophyUa open triangles; L. ganderi open diamonds. B) illustration ofportion ofan upper stem
bearing two inflorescences, showing typical leaves, bent primary inllorescence axes, broadly ovate to suborbicular,
overlapping tloral bracts, and pendant flowers.
2006] BOYDAND MISTRETTA: LEPECHINIA ROSSIL NEWTRANSVERSE RANGES ENDEMIC 79
readily set L. rossii apart from all other members honor. For the vernacular, we recommend the
of the genus. These include orientation of the plant be called Ross' pitcher sage.
inflorescence axes, size, shape, and orientation of
the floral bracts, and the degree to which these Description
bracts are reduced apically.
Although two non-flowering, historical speci- Lepechinia ros—sii S. Boyd & O. Mistretta, sp.
mens of Lepechinia from the Topatopa Moun- nov. (Fig. IB) Type: USA, California, Los
tains, B.W. Evermann (Pine Creek near Sespe; Angeles Co., Transverse Ranges, Liebre Moun-
24 Mar 1917 [CAS #25345]), or R. Hoffmann tains region: Head of Ruby Canyon on northern
(Sespe Canyon; 21 Mar 1927 [SBBG #6403; flank of Red Mountain, between Elizabeth Lake
#6404]), are likely the earhest collections of this and San Francisquito canyons; 34 35'33"N,
plant, from a practical standpoint L. rossii was 118 29'29"W [NAD 27]; 305 m (1000 ft); 11
"discovered" in the Fall of 1991. While conduct- May 2004, S. Boyd& T. Morgan 11169 (holotype
ing botanical surveys for the Angeles National RSA; isotypes CAS, GH, SBBG, UC, UCR, US).
Forest in late September ofthat year, the second Paratypes: USA, CaHfornia, Los Angeles Co.,
author collected a sterile, partially deciduous Transverse Ranges; San Gabriel Mtns region:
Lepechinia on Red Mountain, between San Red Mountain [technically Liebre Mountains]; 25
Francisquito and Elizabeth Lake canyons, in Sep 1991, O. Mistretta s.n. (RSA). Transverse
the Liebre Mountains region ofnorthwestern Los Ranges; Liebre Mountains region: Ruby-Clear-
Angeles County. Upon seeing this specimen, water Truck Trail, south ofRuby Canyon, north
Timothy S. Ross, then a senior curatorial of Red Mountain; near 34.59788 N,
assistant in the herbarium at Rancho Santa Ana 118.52618°W [NAD 83] (Warm Springs Moun-
Botanic Garden (RSA), immediately noted that tain 7.5 quad); T6N R16W sect. 24, SWA of
Lepechinia was otherwise unknown in the Liebre NE%); 788 m (2585 ft); 24 May 2005, L. Grosset
Mountains, and the find was therefore ofinterest al. 2311 (RSA). Ventura Co., Topa Topa
from a floristic standpoint. At the time, Ross [=Topatopa] Mountains, southern flank of Tar
speculated Mistretta's plant was likely L. fra- Creek, ca. 1 air mile southeast ofconfluence with
grans, as that species is found in the San Gabriel Sespe Canyon, along an old dirt road leading
and Santa Monica mountains, regions of the down to Sespe Canyon off of Squaw Flat Road,
Transverse Ranges lying to the southeast and about the base ofhill "2582" at the boundary of
southwest ofthe Liebre Mountains, respectively. the Sespe Condor Sanctuary; T5N R20W [sec-
m
In the spring of 1992, Ross and the first author tions] unsurveyed; ca. 732 (2400 ft); 12 Jun
visited the Red Mountain area and found 1996, S. Boyd et al. 8849 (RSA). Tar Creek, on
a population of Lepechinia growing on the edge ofold road down to Green Cabins on Sespe
m
mountain's northern slope and upper ridgelines Creek; 549 (1800 ft); 12 Jun 1994, E.R. Blakley
(ca. 500-1000 individuals). So distinctivewere the 7611 (SBBG).
plants in flower (geniculate inflorescence axes, Differt a Lepechinia calycina, L. cardiophylla,
with large, foliaceous, upwardly directed floral L.fragrans, et L. ganderiinflorescentia e basi 60-
bracts, little reduced apically and generally longer 90° geniculatus et inflorescentiae bracteis folia-
than their adjacent flower) that it was instantly ciis, plus minusve ultra flores.
clear they were not L. fragrans, nor did they Shrub, often forming clonal stands following
m
appear to fit any ofthe other Californian taxa in disturbance or fire, generally less than 1.5 tall
the genus. In Fall of 1995, while examining with numerous ascending to erect branches from
Lepechinia specimens from Santa Barbara Bota- base and strongly aromatic herbage (Fig. 2);
nic Garden (SBBG), Ross encountered an E.R. stems weak, ± brittle, those developing from
Blakley collection from Tar Creek in the Topa- short-shoots formed in upper axils of previous
topa Mountains (Ventura County; Los Padres season's growth (vs. root or stem suckers)
National Forest), collected in 1994, that appeared somewhat thickened towards base, with numer-
consistent with the undescribed taxon from Red ous, closely spaced leaf scars, growth of current
Mountain. Ross and the authors visited Blakley's season pale green, minutely glandular-puberulent
Tar Creek site in Spring of 1995 and confirmed with short-stipitate and subsessile capitate-glan-
the Topatopa Mountains plants were the same dular trichomes (appearing ± papillate at 20 X
undescribed entity as those of the Liebre Moun- magnification), and scattered multicellular, clear,
tains. The TarCreek site is ca. 40 km west ofRed kinked, irregularly branched, nonglandular tri-
mm
Mountain, and as a tributary ofSespe Canyon, in chomes (to 1.5 long), older branches with
the general vicinity of the sterile 1917 and 1927 bark becoming reddish brown and shredding in
collections mentioned above. age; leaves opposite, with petioles ca. 5-20 (-30)
mm
In light of the central role our friend and long, often slightly winged distally, blades
colleague, Timothy S. Ross has played in the bright, light green or yellowish green, ovate to
discovery and understanding of this new Lepe- deltate-ovate, ca. 3-13 cm long, truncate to
chinia, it is ourpleasure to name this species in his subcordate at base, margins irregularly and
MADRONO
80 [Vol. 53
Fig. 2. Type plant of Lepeclunia rossii growing m relalivcly open area surrounded by chaparral vegetation,
showing typical rounded crown, geniculate inilorescence axes, and prominent, ascending bracts.
shallowly serrulate to dentate, upper (adaxial) tooth 0.5-1.5 mm long X 0.5 1.5 mm wide,
surface shallowly bullate, lower (abaxial) surface fruiting calyx enlarging, becoming somewhat
with prominent, raised, reticulate venation, ves- inflated, papery; corolla overall broadly tubular
mm
titure as on stems, and with scattered, golden, (Figs. IB, 3B, 4B), 33-39 long, abruptly
sessile, hemispherical glands set in shallow pits narrowed in the proximal 8-9 mm, the point of
(especially below); infJorescence terminal on narrowing marked internally by a ring of short,
growth of current season, geniculate, bent ± glandular hairs, broad portion of tube exerted
60-90 relative to subtending stem and thus from calyx ca. 15 mm, somewhat angled exter-
arching or spreading, axis shallowly curved nally below point of stamen attachment, throat
mm
between nodes, appearing scalloped (Figs. IB, 2; 10 11 wide, limb 5-lobed, strongly bilateral,
3A), unbranched, or more often with two short the two lateral and two upper (adaxial) lobes
branches arising at lowest node, especially on short, 3.5-4.5 mm long X 4.5-6 mm wide,
vigorous stems; bracts foliaceous (Figs. IB, 3B), rounded apically, spreading to recurved, the
sessile, ascending, broadly ovate to suborbicular, lower (abaxial) lobe much larger, 10-12 mm long
2.5-8 cm, generally longer than subtended flower X 9-10 mm wide, deltate-ovate, erect, ± down-
andnot strongly reduced in sizedistally, therefore folded longitudinally forming a slightly raised
appearing imbricate towards apex of inflores- palate, apex entire to sHghtly emarginate, tube
cence, margins entire or the lowest pairs and limb glandular-puberulent externally, ini-
shallowly serrulate to dentate, surfaces ± similar tially pale yellowish cream with small maroon
to leaves but less ruggose adaxially, raised veins spots (especially abaxially), sometimes lobes and
of abaxial surface visually prominent, and long throat also flushed with pale pinkish maroon,
multicellular hairs sparse or absent; flowers base-color quickly fading to off-white after limb
solitary in bract axils, pendent on minutely is fully expanded, spots and flush becoming
mm
glandular-puberulent pedicels 12-13 long very pale or disappearing; anthers included
(Figs. 3B, 4A); calyx at anthesis ± campanulate, within corolla tube, didynamous, filaments
the tube 10 12 mm long, finely raised-reticulate glabrous, free portion of long pair 8-9 mm, of
veined between 12-15 thicker longitudinal veins short pair 4.5 5 mm, anther sacs divergent,
from base (Figs. IB, 4B), minutely glandular- lobes ca. 2 mm long; style including stigma 20-
puberulent externally, ± glabrous internally, the 21 mm long, pale pinkish, stigma bilobed,
lobes generally erect or slightly spreading, broad- sometimes protruding from buds before limb
ly deltate, 4-6 mm long X 4-6 mm wide, the apex is fully expanded; nutlets 4, 3-3.5 mm diam., ±
abruptly short apiculate, frequently one or more spherical, glossy black, appearing glabrous at
lobes with single, apiculate, deltate marginal 20X magnification.
2006] BOYD AND MISTRETTA: LEPECHINIA ROSSIL NEWTRANSVERSE RANGES ENDEMIC 81
Fig. 3. Lepechinia rossii. A) detail ofpost-fruiting inflorescence axis showing shallow scalloping between nodes
(marked by remnants of the pedicels). B) inflorescence at full anthesis showing relatively large foliaceous
inflorescence bractsequaling orexceeding theiradjacent flowers in length and only slightly reduced in size distally.
Discussion As originally circumscribed, section Calycinae
contained five species, the four above, and a fifth,
Relationships L. mexicana (S. Schauer) Epling, a small, woody
shrub found in xeric regions ofcentral and south-
As currently circumscribed, Lepechinia of central Mexico, including the states of Hidalgo,
California and northwestern Baja California, Oaxaca, Puebla, and San Luis Potosi (Epling
Mexico (L. calycina, L. cardiophylla, L. fragraus, 1948). Lepechinia rossii becomes the sixth mem-
and L. ganderi) are highly aromatic, weak- ber of the section, and the fifth species of the
wooded shrubs (generally under 2 m tall), with genus in California.
deltate to oblong-ovate, drought-deciduous Species relationships among members of Le-
leaves, often subhastate or subcordate basally, pechinia section Calycinae are complex. Lepechi-
and well developed, terminal inflorescences bear- nia mexicana, however, is quite anomalous, both
ing relatively large, broadly tubular flowers that geographically and morphologically, with respect
are solitary in axils of ± foliose bracts (Averett to the other members of section Calycinae,
1993). All four of these taxa are members of including L. rossii, and does not appear to be
EpHng's (1948) section Calycinae. closely related to the Californian taxa (T.S. Ross
MADRONO
82 [Vol. 53
B
Fig. 4. Lepechinia rossii. A) detail ofrelatively large foliaceous inflorescence bracts equaling or exceeding their
adjacent flowers in length, and bilateral corolla with much enlarged lower lip. B) closer view offlower showing
campanulate calyx with broadly deltate, short apiculate lobes, fine, raised, reticulate veins between prominent rib-
like veins, and corolla tubethat issomewhat angledexternallyabovepoint ofstameninsertion (lowerlipofcorolla
is projecting straight out from plane ofpicture).
personal communication). In addition to the and flowers are axillary along the stems, rather
great range disjunction between L. mexiccina than being borne in terminal inflorescences
and the five Californian species, the former subtended by highly modified bracts. The pedi-
differs in its herbage being densely grayish cels of L. mexicana bear two filiform bracts
stellate-canescent, a type of pubescence not seen towards their base. The pedicels are bractless in
among the Californian members of the genus. the other five taxa. While it is likely L. mexicana
The leaves ofL. mexicana have revolute margins. is misplaced within section Ca/ycinae, fully re-
2006] BOYDAND MISTRETTA: LEPECHINIA ROSSIL NEWTRANSVERSE RANGES ENDEMIC 83
solving that issue is beyond the scope of this Both Tar Creek and Pine Creek are tributaries
paper. Forthepurposes ofsubsequent discussion, of Sespe Creek, with their respective points of
we have excluded L. niexiccma. confluence with the main drainage separated by
Epling (1944) observed within California's approximately 3.3 km. We believe the Evermann
Lepechiniaa reticulate pattern ofvariously shared specimen was likely collected within a broader
traits (e.g., leaf shape, calyx tube shape, calyx meta-population that includes the Tar Creek site.
lobe shape), which he believed were derived from Although Hoffmann's locality information is so
repeated episodes of range expansion, contact vague as to be anywhere within the Sespe
among populations, hybridization, range con- drainage, we believe the specimen was taken
traction, isolation ofpopulations, and ultimately, within Sespe Canyon in the same general vicinity
drift and selection. Certainly, L. rossii fits this ofTar and Pine creeks.
pattern. Lepechinia rossii is the most narrowly distrib-
Lepechinia rossii is geographically intermediate uted of the five Californian taxa, being endemic
between populations of L. calycina (further west to the western Transverse Ranges (Fig. lA). In
in the Topatopa, Mount Pinos, and Santa Ynez contrast, L. calycina is the most widely distribut-
mountains of Ventura and Santa Barbara coun- ed of the Californian taxa and is endemic to the
ties) and L. fragrans (to the southeast in the San state, ranging from southeastern Ventura County
Gabriel Mountains, or southwest in the Santa northward through the Coast Ranges to Lake
Monica Mountains). A comparison of relative County, eastward to Butte County, and south-
ranges ofthese species is presented in Figure lA. ward through the foothills of the Sierra Nevada
Although geographically intermediate between L. to Mariposa County (Averett 1993; Munz 1959,
calycina and L. fragrans, the morphological 1974; Smith 1998). Lepechinia fragrans is also
features of L. rossii do not necessarily reflect endemic to the state, found on Santa Catalina
acline between those two taxa. Thecauline leaves (Los Angeles Co.), Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa
of L. rossii are most similar to L. cardiophylla, (Santa Barbara Co.) islands, and in disjunct
and to a lesser extent, L. fragrans, in shape, and occurrences on themainland in the Santa Monica
to L. cardiophylla and L. calycina in general (Los Angeles and Ventura cos.) and San Gabriel
vestiture. The shape of the calyx in L. rossii, (Los Angeles and San Bernardino cos.) moun-
especially the relatively short, broad lobes, is tains (Averett 1993; Junak et al. 1995; Munz
more like that ofL. calycina, versus the relatively 1959, 1974; Raven et al. 1986; Thorne 1967).
longcalyx lobes found in L. fragrans. The general Lepechinia cardiophylla is restricted to the Penin-
inflorescence architecture, as well as size, shape, sular Ranges, found primarily in the northern
and orientation of the floral bracts are wholly Santa Ana Mountains (Orange and Riverside
unlike any of the Californian taxa, and appear COS.), with small, widely disjunct populations to
unique within the genus (Averett 1993; Epling the south, in the coastal foothills of San Diego
1944; 1948; Munz 1959; 1974; Wiggins 1980). County and adjacent northwestern Baja Califor-
nia, Mexico (Averett 1993; Beauchamp 1986;
Munz 1959, 1974; Lathrop and Thorne 1978;
Distribution
Wiggins 1980). Lepechinia ganderi is also re-
At present, only two L. rossii populations are stricted to the Peninsular Ranges, occurring in
known, one in the Liebre Mountains and one in scattered populations in the higher coastal foot-
the Topatopa Mountains, separated by a distance hills of southwestern San Diego County and
of ca. 40 km (Fig. lA). Both populations are of adjacent northwestern Baja California, Mexico
relatively limited areal extent, which may explain (Averett 1993; Beauchamp 1986; Munz 1959,
their relatively late discovery. On the other hand, 1974; Wiggins 1980).
portions of both known populations are easily
visible from long-established U.S. Forest Service Habitat
roads. As suggested above, the earliest documen-
ted collections ofL. rossiiare likely those ofB.W. Both the Red Mountain and Tar Creek
Evermann or R. Hoffmann. Unfortunately, these populations of L. rossii occur within the Santa
three specimens lack definitive mature inflores- Clara River watershed, on lands managed by the
cences and flowers, therefore providing limited U.S. Forest Service (Liebre Mountains, Angeles
information as to their identity. Previously, the National Forest; Topatopa Mountains, Los
Evermann and Hoffmann specimens had been Padres National Forest). In both areas, plants
tentatively identified as L. calycina. Apparently, generally grow on north- to northeast-facing
due to their sterile condition, these specimens slopes, and on adjacent portions of ridgelines.
garnered little attention from subsequent work- There does not seem to be a strong geologic or
ers, including Epling. Affinity with L. rossii is edaphic factor involved in distribution of L.
based on general provenance, leaf vestiture, and rossii. On Red Mountain, L. rossii is mainly
in the case of the Hoffmann specimen (SBBG associated with fine-grained, reddish, nonmarine
#6303), incipient inflorescence morphology. sedimentary rock of Eocene or Paleocene age.
MADRONO
84 [Vol. 53
with outcrops of Precambrian gneiss and Meso- Acknowledgements
zoic granitic rocks in the immediate vicinity Weexpress our sincere thanks toJ. Travis Columbus
(Jennings and Strand 1969). In the Tar Creek (RSA), Dieter Wilken (SBBG), and Aaron Liston
area, L. rossiiis also associated with fine-grained, (OSC) for their encouragement to move forward with
reddish substrate, but in this case marine describing this Lepechinia; to SBBG and CAS for
sedimentary rocks of middle Miocene age, with providing critical specimens on loan; to Valerie Soza,
outcrops of Oligocene volcanics in the general Lauren Raz, Amber Maurice, Tammy Morgan, and
vicinity (Jennings and Strand 1969). Although the Valentin Arvizu for assistance in the field; and to Sula
locality information on Evermann's 1917 collec- Vanderplank, Jennifer Cruse-Sanders, Naomi Fraga,
tion ofL. rossii is vague (Pine Creek near Sespe), eaanrdlieGrardyrafWtaslloafcethfeormparnouvsicdriinpgt.helSppfeuclialcomthmaennktssaorne
geologic substrates in the area around Pine Creek extended to Naomi Fraga for her considerable assis-
and its confluence with Sespe Creek are domi- tance in producing the range map, to Elisha Mistretta
nated by middle Miocene volcanics, suggesting for producing the line drawing, to Nancy Refulio for
populations occur on this substrate as well. translation of the resumen, and to two reviewers for
Hoffmann's 1927 collection has such vague providing thoughtful comments and suggestions that
locality information, that speculation on associ- have added significantly to the clarity and accuracy of
ated geologic substrate is unwarranted. this paper. Above all, we are forever indebted to Tim
At both the Red Mountain and Tar Creek Ross for sharing with us, during countless hours of
sites, L. rossii is associated with chaparral fboitealndiwcoarlkkcnoonwdluecdtgeed, paacsrsoisosn sfoorutphlearnnts,Caalnidfokrneiean,wihti.s
vegetation characterized by a mix of shrubs
including Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Literature Cited
&
Arn., Cercocarpus hetuloides Nutt. ex Torr.
A. Gray, Clematis lasiantlui Nutt., Eriodictyon AVERETT, D. E. 1993. Lepechinia. Pp. 714-715, 717 in
crassifoliuiii Benth. var. nigresceus Brand, Erio- J. C. Hickman (ed.). The Jepson manual: higher
gouiiiu fasciculatimi Benth. var.foliohsum (Nutt.) pBlearnktesleoyf,CCaAli.fornia. University ofCaliforniaPress,
(S.DCS.t)okAe.sGerxayA,brFarmasx,imEirsidoippheytlalluamHcooonkf.er&tiflAorrnu.m, BeauCcouhnatmyp,,CaRl.ifoMrn.ia.19S8w6.eetAwatfelroraRivoefrSParness,DiNeag-o
Quercus berheridifolia Liebm., Heteromeles arbu- tional City, CA.
t[folia (Lindl.) M. Roem., Keckiella cordifolia Epling, C. 1944. The living mosaic. Faculty Research
(Benth.) Straw, Rliamnus ilicifolia Kellogg, Ribes Lecture, University of California, Los Angeles
malvaceitm Sm., and Sokmum xanti A. Gray. As (delivered March 24, 1944). University of Califor-
with other species of Lepechinia in California, L. nia Press, Berkeley, CA.
A
rossii is generally associated with relatively open . 1948. synopsis of the Tribe Lepechinieae
areas, often appearing in greatest abundance (Labiatae). Brittonia 6:352-364.
Jennings, C. W. and R. G. Strand. 1969. Geologic
following wildland fire, or at least temporarily, Map of California, Los Angeles Sheet. California
in areas affected by anthropogenic disturbance, Division Mines and Geology, Sacramento, CA.
sstuacnhdsasoffueclhabpraerarkasl,anL.d rroosasdi-iciustsl.arWgieltyhilnimmiatetdurteo JuNASKc,aleS.,1T:.25A0,y0e0r0s., R. Scott, D. Wilken, and D.
small natural openings, such as near bedrock Young. 1995. A flora ofSanta Cruz Island. Santa
outcrops, or within a gap where a larger shrub Barbara Botanic Garden and California Native
has died. Plant Society, Santa Barbara, CA.
Lathrop, E. W. and R. F. Thorne. 1978. A flora of
the Santa Ana Mountains, California. Aliso
Conservation Status
9:197-278.
Identifiable threats within the Liebre Moun- Mabberly, D. J. 1997. The Plant-Book: a portable
dictionaryofthevascularplants, 2"''ed. Cambridge
tains are largely limited to localized habitat University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
disturbance by off-highway vehicle (OHV) activ- Munz, p. a. 1959. A California Flora. University of
ity, and maintenance ofelectric power line towers California Press, Berkeley, CA.
that cross the summit of Red Mountain. In the . 1974. A flora of Southern California. Univer-
Topatopa Mountains, identifiable threats again sity ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, CA.
include localized habitat disturbance by OHV Raven, P. H., H. J. Thompson, and B. A. Prigge.
activity, as well as grading ofpads for petroleum 1986. Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains,
exploration and potentially extraction. As a spe- California. Southern California Botanists Special
cies associated with earlier phases of post-fire SmitPhu,blC..NFo..1929,8.2"A^ efdl.oraoftheSanta Barbara region,
succession, ofgeneral concern is type-conversion California, 2"'' ed. Santa Barbara Botanic Garden
ofhabitat due to invasion byweedyexotic grasses and Capra Press, Santa Barbara, California.
(e.g., Bromus diandriis Roth, B. madritensis L. Thorne, R. F. 1967. A flora ofSanta Catalina Island,
subsp. riibens [L.] Husnot, Vulpia myuros [L.] California. Aliso 6:1-77.
C.C. Gmel.), and concomitant increase in fire Wiggins, L L. 1980. Flora ofBaja California. Stanford
frequency. University Press, Stanford, CA.