Lense Design

526 Pages·2018·106.708 MB·English

by  Donald C Dilworth

Lens Design
Automatic and quasi-autonomous computational methods and techniques
IOP Series: Emerging Technologies in Optics and Photonics
Series Editor
R Barry Johnson a Senior Research Professor at Alabama A&M
University, has been involved for over 40 years in lens design,
optical systems design, electro-optical systems engineering, and
photonics. He has been a faculty member at three academic
institutions engaged in optics education and research, employed
by a number of companies, and provided consulting services.
Dr Johnson is an SPIE Fellow and Life Member, OSA Fellow, and was the 1987
President of SPIE. He serves on the editorial board of Infrared Physics &
Technology and Advances in Optical Technologies. Dr Johnson has been awarded
manypatents,haspublishednumerouspapersandseveralbooksandbookchapters,
andwasawardedthe2012OSA/SPIEJosephWGoodmanBookWritingAwardfor
LensDesignFundamentals,SecondEdition.Heisaperennialco-chairoftheannual
SPIE Current Developments in Lens Design and Optical Engineering Conference.
Foreword
Untilthe1960s,thefieldofopticswasprimarilyconcentratedintheclassicalareasof
photography, cameras, binoculars, telescopes, spectrometers, colorimeters, radio-
meters,etc.Inthelate1960s,opticsbegantoblossomwiththeadventofnewtypesof
infrareddetectors,liquidcrystaldisplays(LCD),lightemittingdiodes(LED),charge
coupled devices (CCD), lasers, holography, fiber optics, new optical materials,
advances in optical and mechanical fabrication, new optical design programs, and
many more technologies.With thedevelopment ofthe LED,LCD, CCD and other
electo-optical devices, the term ‘photonics’ came into vogue in the 1980s to describe
thescienceofusinglightindevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandtheperformanceof
amyriadofapplications.Today,opticsandphotonicsaretrulypervasivethroughout
societyandnewtechnologiesarecontinuingtoemerge.Theobjectiveofthisseriesis
to provide students, researchers, and those who enjoy self-teaching with a wide-
ranging collection of books that each focus on a relevant topic in technologies and
applicationofopticsand photonics.Thesebookswill provideknowledgetoprepare
thereadertobebetterabletoparticipateintheseexcitingareasnowandinthefuture.
The title of this series is Emerging Technologies in Optics and Photonics where
‘emerging’ is taken to mean ‘coming into existence,’ ‘coming into maturity,’ and
‘coming into prominence.’ IOP Publishing and I hope that you find this Series of
significant value to you and your career.
Lens Design
Automatic and quasi-autonomous computational methods and techniques
Donald Dilworth
Optical Systems Design, Inc.
IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK
ªIOPPublishingLtd2018
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem
ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording
orotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher,orasexpresslypermittedbylawor
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ClearanceCentreandotherreproductionrightsorganisations.
PermissiontomakeuseofIOPPublishingcontentotherthanassetoutabovemaybesought
[email protected].
DonaldDilworthhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkinaccordance
withsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
ISBN 978-0-7503-1611-8(ebook)
ISBN 978-0-7503-1609-5(print)
ISBN 978-0-7503-1610-1(mobi)
DOI 10.1088/978-0-7503-1611-8
Version:20180701
IOPExpandingPhysics
ISSN2053-2563(online)
ISSN2054-7315(print)
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData:Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable
fromtheBritishLibrary.
PublishedbyIOPPublishing,whollyownedbyTheInstituteofPhysics,London
IOPPublishing,TempleCircus,TempleWay,Bristol,BS16HG,UK
USOffice:IOPPublishing,Inc.,190NorthIndependenceMallWest,Suite601,Philadelphia,
PA19106,USA
Icannothelpfearingthatmenmayreachapointwheretheylookoneverynewtheory
as a danger, every innovation as a toilsome trouble, … and that they may absolutely
refuse to move at all for fear of being carried off their feet.
—Alexis de Tocqueville, 1840

Contents
Foreword xii
Series Editor’s foreword xiv
Preface xviii
Acknowledgements xxi
Author biography xxii
1 Preliminaries 1-1
1.1 Why is lens design hard? 1-3
1.1.1 The lens design landscape 1-3
1.1.2 Simulated annealing 1-5
1.1.3 Global optimization 1-5
1.1.4 Chaos in lens design 1-6
1.2 How to use this book 1-7
2 Fundamentals 2-1
2.1 Paraxial optics 2-1
2.2 Lagrange invariant, thin-lens equation 2-6
2.3 Pupils 2-7
3 Aberrations 3-1
3.1 Ray-fan curves 3-2
3.2 Abbe sine condition 3-8
3.3 Higher-order aberrations 3-10
3.4 Spot diagrams 3-12
3.5 Wavefronts and aberrations: the OPD 3-14
3.5.1 Image analysis 3-16
3.6 Chromatic aberration 3-22
3.6.1 Cemented doublets 3-25
3.6.2 Secondary color 3-26
4 Using a modern lens design code 4-1
4.1 Using the software 4-1
4.1.1 Wide-angle pupil options 4-3
vii
LensDesign
4.1.2 Ray aiming 4-3
4.1.3 Paraxial solves 4-4
4.1.4 The WorkSheet 4-5
4.2 The process of lens design 4-6
5 The singlet lens 5-1
5.1 Entering data for the singlet 5-1
6 Achromatizing the lens 6-1
7 PSD optimization 7-1
8 The amateur telescope 8-1
8.1 The Newtonian telescope 8-1
8.2 The Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope 8-7
8.3 The relay telescope 8-15
8.4 How good is good enough? 8-17
9 Improving a lens designed using a different lens 9-1
design program
10 Third-order aberrations 10-1
10.1 Tolerance desensitization 10-4
11 The in and out of vignetting 11-1
12 The apochromat 12-1
13 Tolerancing the apochromatic objective 13-1
13.1 Fabrication adjustment 13-7
13.2 Transferring tolerances to element drawings 13-12
14 A near-infrared lens example 14-1
14.1 Design approach 14-1
viii
LensDesign
15 A laser beam shaper, all spherical 15-1
16 A laser beam shaper, with aspherics 16-1
17 A laser beam expander with kinoform lenses 17-1
18 A more challenging optimization challenge 18-1
18.1 Glass absorption 18-5
19 Real-world development of a lens 19-1
20 A practical camera lens 20-1
20.1 Reusing dialog commands 20-14
21 An automatic real-world lens 21-1
22 What is a good pupil? 22-1
22.1 Which way is up? 22-6
23 Using DOEs in modern lens design 23-1
24 Designing aspheres for manufacturing 24-1
24.1 Adding unusual requirements to the merit function with CLINK 24-4
24.2 Defining an aberration with COMPOSITE 24-8
25 Designing an athermal lens 25-1
26 Using the SYNOPSYS glass model 26-1
27 Chaos in lens optimization 27-1
28 Tolerance example with clocking of element wedge errors 28-1
and AI analysis of an image error
29 Tips and tricks of a power user 29-1
ix