Leishmania and Leishmaniasis

90 Pages·2013·1.034 MB·English

by  Awanish Kumar (auth.)

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN IMMUNOLOGY
Awanish Kumar
Leishmania and
Leishmaniasis
SpringerBriefs in Immunology
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10916

Awanish Kumar
Leishmania and Leishmaniasis
Awanish Kumar
School of Life Sciences
Jawaharlal University
New Delhi, India
ISSN 2194-2773 ISSN 2194-2781 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-4614-8868-2 ISBN 978-1-4614-8869-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8869-9
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946651
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Pref ace
This book provides substantial knowledge in sequence on the protozoan parasite
Leishmania and disease globally caused by this parasite known as Leishmaniasis.
The life cycle of leishmania is digenetic with vertebrates as defi nitive host and
Phlebotamine sand fl y as intermediate one. Over 350 million people are at risk of
Leishmania infection, and at least 500,000 new cases of VL and 1.5 million cases of
CL with severe morbidity are reported yearly. The rise of leishmaniasis is due to
multiple factors including the AIDS epidemic, increase of international travel, lack
of effective vaccines, diffi culties in controlling vectors, international confl icts, and
the development of resistance to chemotherapy. The book covers a range of
Leishmania - and Leishmaniasis-specifi c information and disease pathogenesis.
Introduction, immunology, invasion, clinical feature, drugs, vaccines, resistance,
and experimental models of L eishmania are discussed in this book that aimed to
gather broad knowledge for the students and researchers working in this fi eld. The
various matters discussed in this book collectively address the importance of this
neglected disease. I would like to express deep sense of gratitude to my parents for
their blessings inspiration and help in all stages of life. Finally, I thank SPRINGER ,
USA for their enormous efforts to publish this book. Lastly, I thank almighty, the
Great, for giving me the strength, patience, and courage to carry out this uphill task.
New Delhi , India Awanish Kumar
v

Abst ract
Leishmaniasis is a poverty-associated disease with several different forms, like
cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral
leishmaniasis (VL). CL has a spectrum of presentations, typically with self-healing
or chronic lesions on the skin. MCL follows the complete resolution of the initial
oriental sore; metastatic lesions appear on the buccal or nasal mucosa. VL is char-
acterized by prolonged fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, substantial weight loss,
progressive anemia, pancytopenia, and hyperglobulimia. It is the most dreaded and
devastating amongst the various forms of leishmaniasis and fatal without treatment.
More than 350 million people are at risk of Leishmania infection, and at least
500,000 new cases of VL and 1.5 million cases of CL with severe morbidity are
reported yearly. The rise of leishmaniasis is due to multiple factors including the
AIDS epidemic, increase of international travel, lack of effective vaccines, diffi cul-
ties in controlling vectors, international confl icts, and the development of resistance
to chemotherapy. The book covers a range of L eishmania- and Leishmaniasis-
specifi c information and disease pathogenesis. Introduction, immunology, invasion,
clinical feature, drugs, vaccines, resistance, and experimental models of L eishmania
are discussed in this book that aimed to gather broad knowledge for the students and
researchers working in this fi eld. The various matter discussed in this book collec-
tively address the importance of this neglected disease. Scientists both from aca-
demic fi elds and from the industry involved in L eishmania research will fi nd in this
book a valuable and fundamental guide that conveys the knowledge needed to
understand and to improve the success in combating this disease worldwide.
Keywords Leishmaniasis • Leishmania • Parasite • Life cycle • Vector • Host • Evasion
• Survival • Disease • Symptoms • Infection • HIV • Immunology • Antigen • Adjuvants
• Macrophage • Diagnosis • Drug • Antimonials • Resistance • Mechanism • Experimental
models • Hamster • Vaccine
vii

Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Historical Background of Leishmania and Leishmaniasis ................ 1
1.2 Risk Factors and Defi nition of the Problem ...................................... 2
1.3 Types of Leishmaniasis ..................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) ............................................. 2
1.3.2 Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (DCL) ............................. 3
1.3.3 Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) ................................. 3
1.3.4 Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar (KA) .................. 4
1.4 Geographical Distribution of Leishmaniasis .................................... 6
1.5 Global Status of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) ....................... 8
1.6 Morphology and Life Cycle of Leishmania donovani ...................... 8
1.7 Vectors and Transmission of the Disease .......................................... 10
1.8 Clinical Symptoms of Visceral Leishmaniasis.................................. 10
1.9 Control Strategies of the Disease ...................................................... 11
1.10 Leishmania/HIV Co-infections ......................................................... 11
2 Immunology of Leishmania ....................................................................... 13
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 13
2.1.1 Role of B Cells and Immunoglobulin ................................... 15
2.1.2 Role of T Lymphocytes ......................................................... 15
2.1.3 Role of Cytokines ................................................................. 16
2.1.4 Immunosuppression .............................................................. 17
2.1.5 Immunoprophylaxis .............................................................. 20
2.2 Host Immune Response to Leishmania Infection ............................. 21
2.2.1 Human ................................................................................... 22
2.2.2 Mouse ................................................................................... 25
2.2.3 Hamster ................................................................................. 26
2.3 Cross-immunity Between Different Leishmania Species ................. 26
2.4 Adoptive Transfer of Immunity ........................................................ 27
ix