Legal studies for VCE, access and justice

588 Pages·2021·62.873 MB·English

by  Lisa Filippin

LEGAL STUDIES
FOR VCE
ACCESS & JUSTICE
14TH EDITION UNITS
1 2
LISA FILIPPIN
PETER FARRAR
ANNIE WILSON
&
MARGARET BEAZER
JOSIE GRAY

LEGAL STUDIES
FOR VCE
ACCESS & JUSTICE
14TH EDITION UNITS
1 2
LISA FILIPPIN
PETER FARRAR
ANNIE WILSON &
MARGARET BEAZER
JOSIE GRAY
00_FIL_LS_SB12_26265_TXT_SI.indd 1 21/9/20 8:53 am
1
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© Lisa Filippin, Peter Farrar, Annie Wilson, Margaret Beazer and Josie Gray 2021
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First published 1994
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00_FIL_LS_SB12_26265_TXT_SI.indd 2 21/9/20 8:53 am
CONTENTS
SUMMARY OF LEGAL SCENARIOS ...........................................vi
USING LEGAL STUDIES FOR VCE UNITS 1 & 2 ..........................viii
CHAPTER 1 LEGAL TOOLKIT ..............................2
1.1 UNDERSTANDING THE VCE LEGAL STUDIES
COURSE ...............................................................................4
1.2 SETTING YOURSELF UP FOR SUCCESS IN
VCE LEGAL STUDIES .........................................................8
1.3 TIPS FOR SUCCESS ON ASSESSMENT TASKS ............13
1.4 MASTERING LEGAL CITATION ........................................19
1.5 CAREERS IN THE LAW ....................................................23
UNIT 1 GUILT AND LIABILITY ................26
CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO UNIT 1 –
GUILT AND LIABILITY ....................................30
2.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LAWS AND TO THE
AUSTRALIAN LEGAL SYSTEM .........................................32
2.2 PARLIAMENTS AND COURTS IN AUSTRALIA ...............34
2.3 THE RULE OF LAW ............................................................41
CHAPTER 3 LEGAL FOUNDATIONS ................42
3.1 SOCIAL COHESION AND THE RIGHTS
OF INDIVIDUALS ...............................................................44
3.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE ........................................47
3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE LAW .................50
3.4 SOURCES OF LAW ............................................................53
3.5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARLIAMENT
AND THE COURTS .............................................................58
3.6 TYPES OF LAW ..................................................................61
3.7 THE DISTINCTION AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CRIMINAL LAW AND CIVIL LAW .....................................65
3.8 THE VICTORIAN COURT HIERARCHY ............................ 68
CHAPTER 3 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK ...................................70
CONTENTS iii
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CHAPTER 4 THE PRESUMPTION 8.3 NUISANCE .......................................................................243
OF INNOCENCE .............................................72 CHAPTER 8 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
4.1 THE PURPOSES OF CRIMINAL LAW ...............................74 PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK .................................252
4.2 THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE .............................76
CHAPTER 9 OTHER AREAS OF CIVIL LAW ...254
4.3 KEY CONCEPTS OF CRIMINAL LAW ...............................78
4.4 TYPES OF CRIME ...............................................................84 9.1 DISCRIMINATION ...........................................................256
4.5 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN SUMMARY 9.2 VOID MARRIAGES ............................................................267
OFFENCES AND INDICTABLE OFFENCES .....................89
9.3 ONLINE SHOPPING .........................................................276
4.6 POSSIBLE PARTICIPANTS IN A CRIME ..........................92
9.4 WORKPLACE PAY AND CONDITIONS ...........................285
CHAPTER 4 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
CHAPTER 9 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK ...................................94
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK .................................294
CHAPTER 5 INDICTABLE OFFENCES .............96 UNIT 1 ASSESSMENT TASKS .................................................296
5.1 GENERAL DEFENCES TO CRIME ....................................98
5.2 MURDER ..........................................................................103
UNIT 2 SANCTIONS, REMEDIES
5.3 CULPABLE DRIVING CAUSING DEATH ........................112
5.4 RAPE ................................................................................121
AND RIGHTS ...................................300
5.5 ARSON .............................................................................131
CHAPTER 5 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
CHAPTER 10 INTRODUCTION TO UNIT 2 –
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK .................................140
SANCTIONS, REMEDIES AND RIGHTS .......304
CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY OFFENCES ..............142
10.1 REVISITING THE MEANING OF LAWS ..........................306
6.1 GENERAL DEFENCES TO CRIME ..................................144 10.2 FOUNDATIONS OF CRIMINAL LAW ...............................310
6.2 ASSAULT .........................................................................150 10.3 FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL LAW .......................................313
6.3 MINOR THEFT .................................................................160 10.4 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIMINAL CASES
AND CIVIL DISPUTES .....................................................315
6.4 OFFENSIVE BEHAVIOUR ...............................................174
6.5 GRAFFITI OFFENCES ....................................................186
CHAPTER 11 SANCTIONS .............................. 318
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND 11.1 INTRODUCTION TO SANCTIONS ...................................320
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK .................................196 11.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE IN CRIMINAL LAW ......322
11.3 INSTITUTIONS THAT ENFORCE CRIMINAL LAW ........325
CHAPTER 7 CIVIL LIABILITY .........................198
11.4 INSTITUTIONAL POWERS AND INDIVIDUAL
7.1 PURPOSES AND TYPES OF CIVIL LAW ........................200 RIGHTS .............................................................................331
7.2 KEY CONCEPTS OF CIVIL LAW ......................................205 11.5 THE ROLE AND CRIMINAL JURISDICTIONS OF
VICTORIAN COURTS .......................................................338
7.3 POSSIBLE PARTIES TO A CIVIL DISPUTE ....................212
11.6 THE ROLE OF THE JURY IN A CRIMINAL TRIAL ..........344
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND 11.7 THE PURPOSES OF SANCTIONS...................................348
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK .................................218 11.8 TYPES OF SANCTIONS ...................................................353
11.9 FACTORS CONSIDERED BY JUDGES
CHAPTER 8 TORT LAW .................................220
IN SENTENCING ..............................................................360
8.1 NEGLIGENCE ...................................................................222 11.10 SENTENCING PRACTICES .............................................363
8.2 DEFAMATION ...................................................................232
iv LEGAL STUDIES FOR VCE UNITS 1 & 2 ACCESS & JUSTICE
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11.11 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO SENTENCING .........369 CHAPTER 15 RIGHTS ..................................... 496
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
15.1 INTRODUCTION TO RIGHTS ...........................................498
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK .................................378 15.2 THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS THROUGH STATUTE
LAW AND THE VICTORIAN CHARTER ...........................500
CHAPTER 12 RECENT CRIMINAL CASES .....380 15.3 THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS THROUGH
COMMON LAW .................................................................505
12.1 RECENT CRIMINAL CASE 1: A WEEKEND AT
15.4 THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS THROUGH
AN AIRBNB ENDS IN MURDER ....................................382
THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION ..............................511
12.2 RECENT CRIMINAL CASE 2: THE CASE THAT
15.5 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, DECLARATIONS AND
CAPTIVATED VICTORIA ...................................................389
THE RIGHTS OF AUSTRALIANS ....................................517
12.3 RECENT CRIMINAL CASE 3: THE ASSAULT OF
15.6 THE APPROACH ADOPTED BY THE UNITED STATES
A PARAMEDIC..................................................................396
IN PROTECTING RIGHTS ................................................524
12.4 RECENT CRIMINAL CASE 4: THE TRIAL AND
15.7 POSSIBLE REFORMS TO THE PROTECTION OF
ACQUITTAL OF CARDINAL GEORGE PELL ..................405
RIGHTS IN AUSTRALIA ...................................................532
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
15.8 THE MABO CASE – THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
IN AUSTRALIA .................................................................537
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK .................................414
CHAPTER 15 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
CHAPTER 13 REMEDIES .................................416 REVISION QUESTIONS AND
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK ..................................542
13.1 INTRODUCTION TO REMEDIES .....................................418
UNIT 2 ASSESSMENTTASKS......................................544
13.2 THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE IN CIVIL LAW ..............420
13.3 METHODS USED TO RESOLVE A CIVIL DISPUTE ........422 GLOSSARY ...............................................548
13.4 TRIBUNALS .....................................................................427
13.5 OMBUDSMEN ..................................................................432 INDEX ....................................................558
13.6 COMPLAINTS BODIES ....................................................436
13.7 THE ROLE AND CIVIL JURISDICTIONS OF THE MEET OUR AUTHORS .................................565
VICTORIAN COURTS .......................................................442
13.8 THE ROLE OF THE JURY IN A CIVIL TRIAL ...................449 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................566
13.9 THE PURPOSES AND TYPES OF REMEDIES ...............453
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK ..................................458
CHAPTER 14 RECENT CIVIL CASES..............460
14.1 RECENT CIVIL CASE 1: THE CRIME REPORTER
WHO SUED THE AGE .......................................................462
14.2 RECENT CIVIL CASE 2: UBER SUCCESS
DRIVES TAXIS TO CLASS ACTION .................................471
14.3 RECENT CIVIL CASE 3: DOCKLANDS
HIGH-RISE FIRE EARNS $5M IN DAMAGES ................478
14.4 RECENT CIVIL CASE 4: THE SHOCKING
REVELATIONS OF LAWYER X ........................................485
14.5 RECENT CIVIL CASE 5: REBEL WITH A CAUSE
(OBOOK ASSESS TOPIC)
CHAPTER 14 REVIEW TOP TIPS,
REVISION QUESTIONS AND
PRACTICE ASSESSMENT TASK ..................................494
CONTENTS v
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SUMMARY OF LEGAL SCENARIOS
CHAPTER 1 LEGAL TOOLKIT CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY OFFENCES
No legal cases R v Fairest, Fields & Toohey (Rulings – Fitness to
be tried) [2016] VSC 329 (1 July 2016) .........................148
Police v G, DM [2016] SASC 39 (21 March 2016) ..............153
UNIT 1 GUILT AND LIABILITY
Stein v Henshall [1976] VR 612 .........................................164
Wage Theft Act 2020 (Vic) .................................................166
Fraser v Walker [2015] VCC 1911 (19 November 2015) ...179
CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO
UNIT 1 – GUILT AND LIABILITY
CHAPTER 7 CIVIL LIABILITY
No legal cases
Werfel v AMACA v The State of South Australia [2019]
SAET 159 (6 August 2019) ...........................................201
CHAPTER 3 LEGAL FOUNDATIONS State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Chu [2008]
NSWCA 14 (6 March 2008) ..........................................206
Deing v Tarola [1993] 2 VR 163 ..........................................54
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] All ER 1 .............................. 55 CHAPTER 8 TORT LAW
Lansell House Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2011)
Chester v Waverley Municipal Council (1939) 62 CLR 1 ....223
190 FCR 354 ...................................................................58
Roman Catholic Church Trustees for the Diocese of
State Government Insurance Commission (SA) v Trigwell
Canberra & Goulburn v Hadba (2005) 221 CLR 161 .....225
(1979) 142 CLR 617 ........................................................59
Woolworths Ltd v Grimshaw [2016] QCA 274
DPP v Webster [2019] VCC 2239 (19 December 2019) .......61
(28 October 2016) .........................................................227
Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40 .................62
Mickle v Farley [2013] NSWDC 295 (29 November 2013) ...233
Wilson v Bauer Media Pty Ltd [2017] VSC 521
Rush v Nationwide News Pty Ltd (No 7) [2019]
(13 September 2017) .....................................................63
FCA 496 (11 April 2019) ...............................................234
DPP v Djokovic [2019] VCC 1848 (12 November 2019) .......67
Voller v Nationwide News Pty Ltd; Voller v Fairfax Media
Publications Pty Ltd; Voller v Australian News Channel
CHAPTER 4 THE PRESUMPTION
Pty Ltd [2019] NSWSC 766 (24 June 2019) ..................239
OF INNOCENCE
Hallett v City of Port Phillip [2015] VSC 313 (30 June 2015) ..244
Counter-Terrorism Legislation Amendment Gales Holdings Pty Ltd v Tweed Shire Council [2011]
(2019 Measures No. 1) Act 2019 (Cth) .............................77 NSWSC 1128 (21 September 2011) .............................245
RP v The Queen [2016] HCA 53 (21 December 2016).........80 Hollywood Silver Fox Farm Ltd v Emmett [1936] 2 KB 468. ..246
Crimes Legislation Amendment (Age of Criminal Courtney & Jackson v Howell [2016] VMC011
Responsibility) Bill 2019 (Cth) .......................................81 (26 July 2016) ...............................................................248
DPP (Cth) v Barbaro & Zirilli [2012] VSC 47 Public Health and Wellbeing Amendment
(23 February 2012) .........................................................86 (Safe Access Zones) Act 2015 (Vic) ................................249
DPP v Bankal [2018] VCC 1274 (7 August 2018) ................87
CHAPTER 9 OTHER AREAS OF
CHAPTER 5 INDICTABLE OFFENCES CIVIL LAW
DPP v Brook (a Pseudonym) [2019] VSC 566 Jusrut v Ensure Recruitment Pty Ltd (Human Rights)
(22 August 2019) ............................................................99 [2020] VCAT 126 (7 February 2020)..............................259
R v Falconer (1990) 171 CLR 30 .......................................101 Maloney v The Queen [2013] HCA 28 (19 June 2013) ......264
R v Dhakal [2018] VSC 295 (1 June 2018) ........................105 Kirvan & Tomaras [2018] FamCA 171
(21 March 2018) ...........................................................268
DPP v Herrmann [2019] VSC 694 (29 October 2019)........109
Chow & Zu; Fang & Hung [2019] FamCA 665
DPP v Huby [2018] VCC 1621 (3 October 2018) ................113
(18 September 2019) ...................................................270
R v Getachew (2012) 248 CLR 22 ......................................123
Chirag & Kanelka [2018] FamCA 476 (5 June 2018) ........271
Davies v The Queen [2019] VSCA 66 (28 March 2019) ......133
Attorney-General for the Commonwealth v Kevin &
R v Sokaluk [2012] VSC 167 (27 April 2012) .....................134
Jennifer (2003) 172 FLR 300 ........................................274
DPP v Islam [2019] VCC 217 (1 March 2019) ...................138
vi LEGAL STUDIES FOR VCE UNITS 1 & 2 ACCESS & JUSTICE
00_FIL_LS_SB12_26265_TXT_SI.indd 6 21/9/20 8:53 am
Joyner v Intrepid Travel Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Gibson [2017]
[2017] VCAT 233 (17 February 2017) ............................279 FCA 240 (15 March 2017) .............................................436
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] Clarke v Great Southern Finance Pty Ltd (in liquidation)
EWCA Civ 1...................................................................281 [2014] VSC 516 (11 December 2014) ...........................444
Obudho v Patty Malones Bar Pty Ltd [2017] VSC 28
(9 February 2017) .........................................................446
UNIT 2 SANCTIONS, REMEDIES
Humphris v ConnectEast Nominee Company Pty Ltd
(No 2) [2016] VSC 419 (27 July 2016) ...........................449
AND RIGHTS Coleston v Carney [2019] VCC 177 (26 February 2019) ....454
Cruse v State of Victoria [2019] VSC 574 (27 August 2019) ..455
CHAPTER 14 RECENT CIVIL CASES
CHAPTER 10 INTRODUCTION TO
UNIT 2 – SANCTIONS, REMEDIES YZ (a pseudonym) v The Age Company Limited [2019]
AND RIGHTS VCC 148 (22 February 2019); The Age Company
Limited v YZ (a pseudonym) [2019] VSCA 313
Wright v McMurchy (2011) 42 WAR 113 ...........................308 (19 December 2019) ........................................................462
R v Eckersley [2020] VSC 22 (30 January 2020) ...............311 Andrianakis v Uber Technologies Inc. S ECI 2019 01926 ..471
Owners Corporation No 1 of PS613436T v LU Simon
CHAPTER 11 SANCTIONS Builders Pty Ltd (Building and Property) [2019]
VCAT 286 (28 February 2019).......................................478
Kingston City Council v Wong & Lapont International
Orman v State of Victoria (2020) ........................................485
(Criminal) [2013] VMC 6 (10 April 2013) ......................329
Wilson v Bauer Media Pty Ltd [2017] VSC 521
Certain Children by their Litigation Guardian Sister Marie
(13 September 2017); Bauer Media Pty Ltd v Wilson
Brigid Arthur v Minister for Families & Children [2016]
(No 2) [2018] VSCA 154 (14 June 2018) ....................obook
51 VR 473 (21 December 2016) and Certain Children v
Minister for Families & Children (No 2) [2017] VSC 251
CHAPTER 15 RIGHTS
(11 May 2017) ...............................................................336
Bradley v The Queen [2017] VSCA 69 (30 March 2017) ....339 Dietrich v The Queen (1992) 177 CLR 262 ........................506
DPP v Hilton-Taylor [2020] VCC 105 (19 February 2020) ..340 Attorney-General for the Commonwealth v Kevin &
R v Skaf (2004) 60 NSWLR 86 ..........................................346 Jennifer (2003) 172 FLR 300 ........................................506
DPP v Kendall [2020] VCC 74 (24 January 2020) .............349 Love v Commonwealth; Thoms v Commonwealth [2020]
HCA 3 (11 February 2020) ............................................507
DPP v Lam [2020] VCC 160 (20 February 2020) ...............351
Certain Children by their Litigation Guardian Sister
Cottrell v Ross [2019] VCC 2142 (19 December 2019) .....354
Marie Brigid Arthur v Minister for Families and
DPP v Larkins [2020] VCC 15 (29 January 2020) ..............356
Children (2016) 51 VR 473 ............................................508
Cemino v Cannan [2018] VSC 535 (17 September 2018) ...373
Attorney-General (Vic); Ex Rel Black v Commonwealth
(1981) 146 CLR 559 ......................................................513
CHAPTER 12 RECENT CRIMINAL
Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth
CASES
(1992) 177 CLR 106 ......................................................514
Clubb v Edwards; Preston v Avery (2019) 366 ALR 1 ........515
DPP v AK (Sentence) [2019] VSC 852
(20 December 2019) ....................................................382 McGarrigle v National Disability Insurance Agency
(2017) 252 FCR 121 ......................................................520
DPP v Ristevski [2019] VSC 253 (18 April 2019); DPP v
Ristevski [2019] VSCA 287 (6 December 2019) ............389 Brough v Australia (2006) Communication
No 1184/2003 (27 April 2006) ......................................521
Tang v Haberfield (2019) VMC (28 August 2019); DPP v
Haberfield [2019] VCC 2082 (16 December 2019) .......396 District of Columbia v Heller 54 US 570 (2008) and
McDonald v Chicago 561 US 742 (2010) .......................526
DPP v Pell (Sentence) [2019] VCC 260 (13 March 2019);
Pell v The Queen [2019] VSCA 186 (21 August 2019); Snyder v Phelps 562 US 443 (2011) ..................................527
Pell v The Queen [2020] HCA 12 (7 April 2020) ............405 Griswold v Connecticut 381 US 479 (1965) and
Roe v Wade 410 US 113 (1973) .....................................529
CHAPTER 13 REMEDIES
Northern Territory v Griffiths (deceased) & Jones on
behalf of the Ngaliwurru & Nungali Peoples [2019]
Hingst v Construction Engineering (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 3)
HCA 7 (13 March 2019) ................................................540
[2018] VSC 136 (29 March 2018) ..................................418
SUMMARY OF LEGAL SCENARIOS vii
00_FIL_LS_SB12_26265_TXT_SI.indd 7 21/9/20 8:53 am
USING LEGAL STUDIES FOR VCE UNITS 1 & 2
Legal Studies for VCE Units 1 & 2 (14th edition) off ers complete support for teachers and students completing
Units 1 & 2 of VCE Legal Studies.
Key features of the Student book
Legal toolkit
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• an overview of the structure
of the VCE Legal Studies
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• tips for success in
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• advice on mastering legal
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• information about careers in
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• a list of key legal terms that
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viii LEGAL STUDIES FOR VCE UNITS 1 & 2 ACCESS & JUSTICE
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