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Legal Argumentation and Evidence PDF

393 Pages·2002·1.67 MB·English
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LEGAL ARGUMENTATION AND EVIDENCE ..........................9541$$ $$FM 07-24-0211:42:43 PS ..........................9541$$ $$FM 07-24-0211:42:43 PS L E G A L A R G U M E N TA T I O N A N D E V I D E N C E Douglas Walton the pennsylvania state university press university park, pennsylvania ..........................9541$$ $$FM 07-24-0211:42:44 PS LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData Walton,DouglasN. Legalargumentationandevidence/DouglasN. Walton. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-271-02177-2(cloth:alk.paper) 1.Law—Methodology. 2. Evidence (Law). 3. Logic. 4. Reasoning. I. Title. K213.W35 2002 347(cid:1).06—dc21 2001055956 Copyright(cid:1)2002ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica PublishedbyThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress, UniversityPark,PA16802–1003 Thepaperusedinthispublicationisbothacid-free andtotallychlorine-free(TCF).Itmeetsthe minimumrequirementsofAmericanNational StandardforInformationSciences—Permanenceof PaperforPrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSI Z39.48–1992. ..........................9541$$ $$FM 07-24-0211:42:44 PS CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction xiii 1 SPECIALFEATURESOFARGUMENTATIONINA LEGALSYSTEM 1 LegalRulesandParticularCases 3 InterpretationofStatutesandDocuments 6 StagesofaTrial 9 CivilLaw,CriminalLaw,andBurdenofProof 11 Evidence 15 RelevanceandAdmissibility 19 TestimonyofWitnesses 23 ExpertTestimony 25 Examination 26 DependenceonPrecedents 29 2 FORMSOFARGUMENTCOMMONLYUSEDINLAW 34 ArgumentfromAnalogy 35 ArgumentfromanEstablishedRule 39 ArgumentfromSignandAbductiveArgument 41 ArgumentfromPositiontoKnow 45 ArgumentfromVerbalClassification 51 ArgumentfromCommitment 53 PracticalReasoning 56 ArgumentfromPersonalAttack(AdHominemArgument) 59 TheSlipperySlopeArgument 63 OtherImportantFormsofArgument 66 v ..........................9541$$ CNTS 07-24-0211:42:52 PS vi contents 3 CIRCUMSTANTIALEVIDENCE 73 TheMcCormickCriterion 74 TheJewishClassicalLawCriterion 77 BenthamonCircumstantialEvidence 80 Patterson’sCriterion 83 WigmoreonDirectEvidenceandAutopticProference 85 WigmoreonCircumstantialandTestimonialEvidence 88 TheHopeHeadCase 91 TheFiveCriteriaSummarized 93 HowUsefulistheConceptofCircumstantialEvidence? 97 LogicalDifficultiesofCircumstantialEvidence 99 4 PLAUSIBILITYANDPROBABILITY 103 AThirdTypeofReasoning 105 PlausibilityandProbability 108 WigmoreonLogicalInferenceandProbativeValue 114 LockeonPlausibilityandDegreesofAssent 122 BenthamonPlausibilityandEvidence 124 PlausibilityandCasuistry 128 PlausibleReasoningintheAncientWorld 133 Carneades’TheoryofPlausibility 138 CriteriaandApplicationsofCarneades’Theory 141 WhytheNeglectofPlausibleReasoning? 146 5 THEDIALECTICALFRAMEWORKOFLEGAL ARGUMENTATION 151 ImplicatureandConversationalPostulates 153 RationalPersuasionintheTrial 156 NormativeModelsofArgumentation 160 PersuasionDialogue 165 OtherTypesofDialogue 171 PeirasticDialogueandExtasticDialogue 174 RelevanceandDialecticalShifts 180 TheFairTrialandtheWitch-Hunt 184 ..........................9541$$ CNTS 07-24-0211:42:52 PS vii contents ADialecticalTheoryofStatutoryInterpretation 187 ArgumentationSchemes,Fallacies,andLegalLogic 194 6 APLAUSIBILISTICTHEORYOFEVIDENCE 199 ComponentsoftheNewTheory 200 EvidenceandArgument 205 TheProbativeFunction 214 AncientRootsoftheNewTheory 216 AdvantagesofThePlausibilisticTheory 223 ScientificEvidence 227 LogicalandLegalRelevance 230 LegalEvidence,Credibility,andPlausibility 234 ExpertTestimonyasEvidence 239 ProblemsandConclusions 243 7 RELEVANCEINPERSUASIONDIALOGUE 248 PersuasionDialogue 249 ChainingofArguments 252 RulesofDialogueandFallacies 258 TheFallacyofIrrelevantConclusion 260 TheMethodofArgumentExtrapolation 262 TestinganActualExample 266 HowtheMethodShouldbeApplied 269 QuestionsRaised 271 ApplicationtoLegalCases 274 ArgumentsandExplanations 279 8 MULTI-AGENTARGUMENTATIONANDCREDIBILITY 282 FormalDialogueSystemsinLogic 283 TheAdHominemandAdVerecundiamFallacies 287 LabeledDeductiveSystems 296 Multi-AgentSystems 298 AddingAgentstoFormalDialecticalStructures 301 EvaluatingFallaciesandBlunders 304 HowShould‘Agent’beDefinedinFormalDialectic? 306 ..........................9541$$ CNTS 07-24-0211:42:53 PS viii contents DialecticalShiftsandRelevance 308 TheSolutiontotheProblem 313 Conclusions 317 9 HOWTOUSETHENEWMETHOD 321 TheNewMethod 322 InferenceFormsandCriticalQuestions 325 ArgumentsDependingonTestimonyandCredibility 329 VerbalArgumentsandCriticalQuestions 334 TheTrialasPersuasionDialogue 335 ArgumentDiagramming 338 TheFormalStructureofDiagramming 342 FormalizingtheNewSystem 345 TheSubtletiesofPeirasticDialogue 348 TheCurrentProblemswithRelevance 350 Bibliography 357 Index 365 ..........................9541$$ CNTS 07-24-0211:42:53 PS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Even though I have been working on legal argumentation and evidence for some time, and have written some papers on the subject, the idea that there was a need for a book on it was not at first apparent to me. What suggested suchanideawasavisitto NotreDameLaw SchoolinNovember 1997, when I gave an invited lecture on legal argumentation as part of a symposium on legallogic.Thesymposium,andindividualconversationswiththeparticipants, showedmetheneedforbringingtheresourcesofargumentationtheorytobear onfundamentalproblemsinevaluatinglegalreasoning.Inparticular,itseemed tomethatthekindofreasoningusedinevidencelawwasvirtuallyunexplored territory, from a logical point of view, that badly needed some insight on its underlying structure of argumentation. The participants at this symposium showedmethatalthoughformallogicisimportantinidentifyingtheinferential structuresoflegalreasoning,therewerevastareasoflegalargumentationthat simplycriedoutforanalysesbythemorepracticalandcontextualcase-by-case methodsofinformallogic. IwouldliketothankKevinSaunders,RichardFriedman,JohnRogers,Rob- ert Rodes, Patricia Sayre, Larry Alexander, Howard Pospesel, and Layman Allen for their open-minded willingness to listen to a new and not widely ac- ceptedpointofview.Chapter5 isbasedontheinvitedlectureIgaveatNotre DameLawSchoolonNovember15,1997. Therevisedversionofthislecture waspublishedas‘‘APragmaticModelofLegalDisputation,’’NotreDameLaw Review 73 (1998): 711–35. Chapter 8 is based on parts (in revised form) of threepreviouslypublishedpapers.Onepaperwasoriginallyaninvitedkeynote lecturegivenattheInternationalConferenceonFormalandAppliedPractical Reasoning, FAPR ’96, in Bonn, Germany, in June 1996. The paper later ap- pearedinpublishedformas‘‘HowCanLogicBestBeAppliedtoArguments?,’’ LogicJournaloftheIGPL[InterestGrouponPureandAppliedLogic]5(1997): 603–14.Thesecondpaper,‘‘EthoticArgumentsandFallacies:TheCredibility Function in Multi-Agent Dialogue Systems,’’ was published in Pragmatics and ix ..........................9541$$ $ACK 07-24-0211:43:00 PS

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A leading expert in informal logic, Douglas Walton turns his attention in this new book to how reasoning operates in trials and other legal contexts, with special emphasis on the law of evidence. The new model he develops, drawing on methods of argumentation theory that are gaining wide acceptance i
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