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LIS'πNNl lOIC.OREAN AMERICAN LAVI룰RSONS: PAS1atALαLI.LEAi야I롤W.ANDC셰£ •• 이엉.all ·현도.의 를 이·· 를-- 쇼 •• 씨Si"· .껴 A”에. ..... ,.예· ”----. ltlllFmillfol a.-. SdlclDI olπ.빼 .....삐 llft삐빠- or1t111 ......... 1ir1t1110. DDaaro/Milll9) • s..v. .. i.. ” April20 ©2015 Lee All RIGHTS RESERVED This professional project completed by SANG YUNG LEE has been presented to 뻐d aceφted by the faculty of Claremont School of Theology in P하ti외 fulfillment of the requirements of the DOCTOR OF MINISTRY Fae비. Committee K. Samuel Lee, Chairperson Namsoon Kang Dean of the Faculty Sheryl A. Kujawa-Holbrook May2이5 ABSTRACT LISTENING TO KOREAN AMERICAN LAYPERSONS: PASTORAL CALL‘ LEADERSHIP, AND CARE By Sang Yung l윷 This proj야t attempts to investigate the diπerent aspects of the pastoral image among Korean American immig대nt laypersons in Southern California. This is also a theological reflection on the qualities of an ideal pastQr as expected by the laypersons of the Korean American United Methodist Chuπh. After spending time with the people who have panicipated in this research, I realized that parishioners have more understanding of what a pastor should be than pastors have. The parishioners possess an image of a pastor who serves the church with a pastoral hean. Unfc。nunately,this has not been the case for many pastors, and both the people of the faith communities as well as the people of the secular world have taken notice of these shoncomings. Instead of neglecting this epistemological blindspot, it is imperative that pastors give this criticism serious consideration. Pastors need to look into the Scriptures, theoretical resources provided by their predecessors, and the voices of laypeπons to correctly understand the image of a pastor. Therefore, this study is invaluable as practical theological and qualitative research. The quest for understanding of the image of a pastor began from Scripture. The image of an ideal pastor as ponrayed in Scripture is pastoral, nunuring, and a shepherd, who is also a priest who reconciles and leads worship, a prophet and messenger who proclaims the Gospel. Literary resources indicate that the tangible quality of an ideal pastor is demonstrated by eff농ctive preaching skills, positive leadership, and being a Christ-centered role model. As for the inner qualities, self care plays a vital role in avoiding burnout by strengthening personal ethics and spirituality. The qualitative interview was a valuable research tool for understanding the pastoral image. Conducting eight independent interviews has allowed me to reflect on my personal ministry” fr om the qualitative perspective. The interviews indicate that the participants general had clear recollections of both the positive and the negative images ofa pastor. During the interviews, I was able to resonate with the participants. This research has allowed me to constantly reflect on my personal ministry. KEYWORDS: Pastoral Images, Church Conflict, Pastoral Care, Korean American Chuκh, Qualitative Research SUMMARY This paper attempts to understand the ideal image of a pastor. This research focuses on Korean American laypersons who live in Southern California. The approach that I took involved using a qualitative research method, a postmodernistic trend, whereby one gathers data by the means of interviews and dialogues. Instead of using the responses of the people as structured data, as done by the quantitative approach, this approach takes the conversation and internalizes it in a holistic and meaningful way. As I spent much time with those who generously offered their time for my research, I was able to see the kind of pastoral image expected by the people. There were pa떠cipants wh。selives were greatly impacted by the positive image of a pastor. However, there were those who were pained by the negative image of a pastor. As a qualitative researcher, this study has led me to understand how important it is to do a qualitative ministry. In the following, I have summarized how the paper is organized. This paper contains five chapters and an appendix. Chapter one contains a summary of my paper. I have introduced the basic qualities of the positive image ofa pastor. In order to build a healthy church, pastors need to have the right understanding of the pastoral image. The thesis of this project explains why laypersons are seeking for the right image of a pastor as well as some of the collective efforts to achieve this. Some of the theological terminology I have used include ”pastoral image,” ”calling,” ”pastoral care,” and "epistemological blindspot. ” I have defined the audience who can potentially benefit from this research as well as the limitations and contributions of this study. Chapter Two contains the theories found in the literature that I used to formulate the thesis of this paper. This chapter will look at the theoretical backgrounds for these theories as well as previously conducted research. This chapter is divided into two sections. First, it will look into the scriptural source which defines the image of a pastor. Second, it will look into some previous relevant research. From the scriptural source, 1 looked into the various traditions of a pastor's calling and ordination. 1 then tried to define the image of a pastor from the pastoral, priestly and messenger aspects. The calling as described in Scripture was the basis of calling all the people of God. The calling was confirmed by the faith community and empowered by the ordination. The most pop비ar metaphor used to describe the role of a pastor was a shephe떠 A shepherd is a leader, nurturer, and a role model to the flock. An image of a past。ras a p꺼est is of one who serves to reconcile people’s broken relationship with God. This puts much emphasis on worship. A pastor, as a messenger, serves as a prophetic voice to the world as well as a preacher who proclaims the gospel of Jesus Christ. The second part of this chapter contains the various independent studies that address the image of a pastor. ηtis is divided into two sections. The first section deals ‘ with the effectiveness of a ministry and these ond section deals with the pastor’s self care. There is a wide array of approaches and interpretations that define eff농ctive ministry as well as a pastoral self care. First, the most obvious measure of an ideal pastor is how effective the minster does the ministry. This is often measured by the preaching skill, judging whether or not the pastor is a good preacher. The ideal pastor is often expected to be a good preacher. The ideal pastor is also expected to demonstrate effective leadership, which can tum crisis into opportunity. Pastoral care is another obvious measure of an ideal pastor. Another measure of an ideal pastor, which is not so obvious, is pastoral self care. Studies show that the consequence has been 뻐r more devastating to the pastors who were faced with a personal crisis than those who failed to do an effective ministry. Pastoral ethics is an important factor which should be incorporated into self care. Pastors have ministerial blind spots, which is like chronic ” i ness. Issues pastors fail to see included sexism, pastoral abuse of power, poor pastoral time and resource management, which are often the results of po。rpersonal self care. One of the key aspects of pastoral self care is inner healing and spiritual restoration. Chapter Three discusses the research meth。dology. This Chapter explains the nature of qualitative research and the methodology used. This Chapter also explains the preparation and the process of the interview. Due to the nature of this research, confidentiality, reliability and ethical practice must be emphasized. 까1e researcher must handle these data with sensitivity and great consideration. I present the details of the interviews in Chapter Four. Chapter Four presents the outcome of the interviews and the result analysis. I ” have conducted eight independent interviews in this research. A of the participants have been given fictitious names for the sake of confidentiality. I also omitted information which may disclose personal information of the participants. I explained the nature of this research as well as the procedures to the participants. This chapter also contains the procedure and the analysis of the interviews as well as the coding of the interview. The coding and the analysis have three parts. The first paπ contains people's iii positive image of a pastor. The second part contains people’s negative image of a pastor. The thi벼 part contains people’s expected image ofa pastor. As I was coding the interview transcript, I found myself resonating with the responses of the participants. The positive and the negative perception of the pastor in the eyes of these participants were like my reflection in the mirror. The expected image of a pastor still remains to be associated with positive leadership and pastoral care which could provide spiritual guidance for the parishioners. People demonstrated sympathetic feelings towards the pastors who demonstrated ineffective leadership, unconvincing sermons, as well as ethical shortcomings. The participants sincerely suggested effective ministerial skills, leadership as well as effective self care in order to demonstrate what the image of a pastor should be. They also suggested that the pastors do a ministry with an undivided heart, with the highest principles and for the next generation of the faith community. Chapter Five is the conclusion of my paper. The final chapter includes my reflection 。nthe qualitative approach to this research. It also includes my suggestion on how we could restore the right image of a pastor. I suggest that pastors should strive to build a positive image of a pastor by the means of studying Scripture and the literary resources. This chapter also includes my personal interpretative image of a pastor within my own ministry. It includes what this study means to me as a pastor. I also mentioned the limitation of this research. This chapter suggests a personal retreat program which allows pastors to consider the image of a pastor. iv 목차 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. 서론 Introduction .. . . . . .. . . ...... ---……………-•••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• •••••••••••• I A. 연구의 의미와목적 Meaning and Purpose of Study ..... . B. 문제의 제기와논의 c. Problems and Issues of Study.. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . ......... ……--------------------------…………… 2 논지와토론 Thesis and Discussion ........................................... …--… …---------….4 D. 용어청의 Definitions of Terms ............................................................. 5 E. 청중대상 Audiences Benefiting from the Study . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . . I 3 F. 연구의 제한성과 공헌 Limitation and Contribution of the Study ............................. .......... 14 II. 논지에 관한 문헌자료의 명론적 검토 Literature Review .. …… --…· …--……………-------……----……-------------……………………· …• ••••••••• 17 A. 목회자상에 대한 성서적 배정 Biblical Background .... …-••••••••••••••••… …… ……… ……. ” .................... ) 7 L 목회자의 소명과안수 Pastoral Calling and Ordination ...... …------------… ------------------ ---- …-- … ••• 17 2. 목자로서의 목회자상 Pastoral Image as a Shepherd ................................................. 20 3. 제사장적 목회자상 Pastoral Image as a Priest …----------------…------…-------------------------------------•••••••••• ••• 24 4. 메신저, 말씀의 선포자로서의 목회자상 Pastoral Image, as a Messenger and a Proclaimer of the Word........................... . . . . .... 25 B. 목회자상에 관한 이론연구 Theoretical Background of Pastoral Image …-----------------------------•••••••••••••••••• 28 I. 효과적인목회 Effective Ministry . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .... …· …-------------------------------…· …• •••••••••••• 28 a. 설교 b. P목re회ac리hin더g 십… …-------------------------------------------…------ ------…----------------------------……. 28 Pastoral Leadership .......... …----------------------------••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• 33