Table Of Content

OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi Learning to Live Naturally OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi Learning to Live Naturally fi Stoic Ethics and its Modern Signi cance CHRISTOPHER GILL OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©ChristopherGill2022 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2022 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2022941735 ISBN978–0–19–886616–9 DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198866169.001.0001 PrintedandboundintheUKby ClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi Tomyfoursons,theirpartnersandchildren. Toallthosescholars,students,and‘modernStoics’withwhomIhavediscussed StoicideasandfromwhomIhavelearntsomuch. OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi Contents Preface ix NoteonConventions xi Introduction 1 I. LIVING NATURALLY 1. VirtueandHappiness 15 1.1 Preliminaries 15 1.2 StoicIdeasinTheirGreekPhilosophicalContext 15 1.3 HappinessastheLifeAccordingtoNature 26 1.4 VirtueasExpertiseinLeadingaHappyLife 34 2. Virtue,Indifferents,andPracticalDeliberation 53 2.1 Preliminaries 53 2.2 TheVirtue-IndifferentsRelationship 54 2.3 TheVirtue-IndifferentsRelationshipRe-Examined 62 2.4 PracticalDeliberation:Cicero,OnDuties1 72 2.5 PracticalDeliberation:Cicero,OnDuties2‒3 87 3. EthicsandNature 102 3.1 Preliminaries 102 3.2 ScholarlyDebateaboutEthicsandNature 102 3.3 ThePresentationofEthicsintheThreeAncientSummaries 111 3.4 IsStoicTheologyFoundationalforEthics? 121 3.5 HarmonizingwithUniversalNature:ThreeVersions 133 II. LEARNING TO LIVE NATURALLY IntroductiontoPartII 151 4. ‘Appropriation’:EthicalDevelopmentasNatural 163 4.1 TheTheoryofAppropriation 163 4.2 BasicMotives 167 4.3 RationalAppropriation:AlternativePatterns 173 4.4 RationalAppropriationofOneself(Cicero,OnEnds3.20‒2) 181 4.5 RationalAppropriationofOthers(Cicero,OnEnds3.62‒8) 193 4.6 CiceroandStoicSocialIdeals 204 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi viii  5. EmotionalDevelopment 211 5.1 EmotionalandEthicalDevelopment 211 5.2 EmotionalandSocialDevelopment 226 5.3 StoicDetachment? 237 III. STOIC ETHICS AND MODERN MORAL THEORY 6. StoicismandModernVirtueEthics 249 6.1 StoicEthicsandtheModernPhilosophicalContext 249 6.2 TheVirtue-HappinessRelationship 260 6.3 ActingVirtuouslyforItsOwnSake 268 6.4 Self-OtherRelationships 273 7. StoicEthics,HumanNature,andtheEnvironment 279 7.1 HumanNatureinModernVirtueEthics 279 7.2 StoicismandModernEthicalNaturalism 285 7.3 StoicismandEnvironmentalisminModernVirtueEthics 292 7.4 TheStoicWorldviewandModernEnvironmentalEthics 299 8. StoicDevelopmentandGuidance,andModernThought 307 8.1 StoicIdeasandModernVirtueEthics 307 8.2 StoicismandModern‘Life-Guidance’ 322 References 335 IndexofAncientPassages 349 GeneralIndex 357 OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,26/10/2022,SPi Preface As explained in the Introduction, this book offers a reading of key distinctive themesinStoicethicsandexplorestheirsignificanceformodernthought,especially contemporaryvirtueethics.AlthoughIhavebeenworkingonStoicphilosophyfor sometime,thisprojectisanewoneforme,initsobjectivesandscope;however, therearesomesalientpointsofconnectionwithmypreviouswritings.Thebook draws on a longstanding interest in the interface between ancient ethics and psychology,aswellastherelationshipbetweenancientandmodernideas,includ- ingethicalones.Also,myinterpretationofStoicethicsunderlinestheimportance given to interpersonal and social engagement, an aspect of Stoicism sometimes overlooked. This emphasis reflects the weight I have elsewhere given to this dimensionofGreekandRomanthoughtanditssignificanceformodernthought. Ihavesometimespresentedthisdimensionastheideaof‘theselfindialogue’or the‘objective-participant’conceptionofpersonality. Duringtheperiodofworkonthisbook,Ihavebecomecloselyinvolvedinthe publicpresentationofStoicideasforabroadaudiencethroughaproject(‘Modern Stoicism’)outlinedatthe endofChapter8.Itisstrikingandpositivetoseehow muchresonanceStoicideashaveforsomanypeopleatpresent.Thisbookisnot framedaslife-guidanceforageneralaudience;itisasustainedacademicstudyof Stoic ethics and its implications, especially for modern moral philosophy. However, I have set out to explore in depth the Stoic ethical ideas on which contemporarylife-guidanceisbased.Also,Ihaveaimedtoconveythisexploration in clear, non-technical language, and to support my interpretation by extensive referencetotheancientevidence,withquotationsinEnglishtranslation.SoIhope thebookwillbeaccessibleandusefultosomeofthosewhoseprimaryconcernis withStoicismaslife-guidance,aswellastoscholarsandstudentsofancientand modern philosophy, and other types of reader drawn to the topic. Part II of the book,especiallyChapters5,7,and8maybeofmostinteresttosuchreaders. Likeanyoneworkinginthisarea,Ihavebenefitedgreatlyfromtheupsurgeof researchand scholarly publication on Stoicism in recent decades.Also, compos- ition of the book was substantially helped by a Leverhulme Emeritus Fellowship (2014‒2016). This award enabled me to organizein autumn 2016 a pair of two- day workshops, at Yale and Cambridge, in which groups of scholars discussed a firstdraftofpartsofthebook(about60,000words).Participantsincluded,atYale, JuliaAnnas,DavidCharles,StephenDarwall,VerityHarte,BradInwood,Daniel Russell, and Katja Vogt, as well as several graduate students. At Cambridge, the participants consisted of Gábor Betegh, Rae Langton, M. M. McCabe, Onora