Learning Japanese for Real - A Guide to Grammar, Use, and Genres of the Nihongo World

348 Pages·2011·6.601 MB·English

by  Senko K Maynard

し E R R N I N G
J R P R N E S e
R e a し
f o r
A Guide to Grammar, Use, and
Genres of the Nihongo World
S E N K O K . M R V M R R
Learning Japanese for Real
Learning Japanese for Real
A Guide to Grammar, Use, and Genres of
the Nihongo World
Senko K. Maynard
University of Hawai‘i Press
Honolulu
© 2011 University of Hawai‘i Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
16 15 14 13 12 11 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Maynard, Senko K.
Learning Japanese for real:a guide to grammar, use, and
genres of the Nihongo world / Senko K. Maynard.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-0-8248-3482-1 (hard cover : alk. paper)—
ISBN 978-0-8248-3540-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1.Japanese language—Study and teaching—English speakers—
Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
PL519.M33 2011
495.6'82421—dc22
2010033493
University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free
paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability
of the Council on Library Resources.
Designed by Wanda China
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc.
Contents
Preface
PART I PRELIMINARIES
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1. Learning Nihongo for Real
1.2. Nihongo as a Foreign Language
1.3. Organization of This Book
1.4. How to Use This Book 3
1.5. Notes on Transcription 1
±
Chapter 2 Background ± 1
2.1. Nihongo: The Japanese Language ±41

2.2. The Country Called Japan 1
±

2.3. Social Concepts 1
±

2.4. Popular Culture 1
±

6
Chapter 3 Variation and Change in Nihongo
3.1. Variations in Language
3.2. More Assertive “Masculine” and Less Assertive
“Feminine” Styles 28o
3.3. Gender-Associated Styles in Transition 21
3.4. Generation and Variation
3.5. Youth Language 2
3.6. Regional Variations 01
3.7. New Dialects
2
3.8. Stylistic Variations
3.9. Written, Spoken, and Speech-like Written Nihongo 2
2
3.10. Digital Communication
3.11. Meanings of Variation
3.12. Language Change and Learning Nihongo 23
21
4
2
1
24
2
45
2
6
5
7
8
7

o
vi Contents
PART II SOUNDS AND SCRIPTS 29
Chapter 4 The Nihongo Sound System 31
4.1. Overview 31
4.2. Morae 31
4.3. The Sound “N” as One Mora 32
4.4. Vowels 32
4.5. Consonant + Vowel 32
4.6. Consonant + Y + Vowel (Contracted Sounds) 34
4.7. Long Vowels (Duplication of Vowels) 34
4.8. Double Consonants 35
4.9. Word Accentuation 35
4.10. Sound Changes for Emphasis 36
Chapter 5 Scripts 37
5.1. Overview 37
5.2. History 38
5.3. Kanji 38
5.4. Hiragana 39
5.5. Katakana 40
5.6. Learning the Japanese Scripts 41
5.7. Fonts 42
5.8. Punctuation 42
5.9. Vertical and Horizontal Writing 43
5.10. Calligraphy as Language Art 45
PART III WORDS 49
Chapter 6 Kinds of Words 51
6.1. Wago and Kwango 51
6.2. Loan Words 53
6.3. Made-in-Japan “Foreign” Words 55
6.4. Numerals and the Number System 56
6.5. Counters 58
6.6. Time-Related Expressions 60
6.7. Family Terminology 62
6.8. Personal Names and Vocatives 63
6.9. Onomatopoeia and Mimesis 64
Chapter 7 Words in Grammar 67
7.1. Nouns 67
7.2. Pronouns 68
7.3. Noun Prefixes and Suffixes 70
7.4. /-Adjectives 71
7.5. 術 -Adjectives 72
Contents vii
7.6. Nominal Modification 73
7.7. Modification Phrases 74
7.8. Adverbs 75
7.9. Demonstratives 76
7.10. Particles 78
7.11. Verbs 79
7.12. Verb Conjugation 80
7.13. Adjective Conjugation 86
PART IV GRAMMAR 89
Chapter 8 Simple Sentences—Essential 91
8.1. Not Saying the Obvious 91
8.2. Be-Verb Sentences 92
8.3. Verb Sentences—Non-Past 94
8.4. Verb Sentences—Past 95
8.5. Adjective Sentences 97
8.6. Basic Case Markers 98
8.7. Existential Sentences 102
8.8. Basic Interactional Particles 102
8.9. Questions 104
8.10. Question Words 106
8.11. Topic and Comment 107
8.12. Negation 112
8.13. Negative Questions 114
8.14. Preferred Word Order 116
Chapter 9 Simple Sentences—Enhanced 118
9.1. Progressive Forms 118
9.2. Verbs of Giving and Receiving 120
9.3. Giving and Receiving Actions 122
9.4. Expressions of Desire 124
9.5. Potential and Ability 126
9.6. Modal Verbs 128
9.7. Prohibition and Obligation 132
9.8. Modal Suffixes 135
9.9. Passives 136
9.10. Causatives and Permissives 139
9.11. Volitional Forms 141
9.12. No Da Sentences 143
9.13. Order of Sentence-Final Elements 146
Chapter 10 Complex Sentences 148
10.1. Conjunctions 148
10.2. Connecting Clauses 150
vill Contents
10.3. Conditionals 154
10.4. Clausal Modification 157
10.5. Clausal Explanation 159
10.6. Koto and No Clauses 161
10.7. Quotation 164
Chapter 11 Emotive Expressions 167
11.1. Interactional Particles Ne and Yo 167
11.2. Primary Feelings 170
11.3. Exclamatory Phrases 172
11.4. Attitudinal Adverbs 173
11.5. Interactional Particles and Markers 175
11.6. Emphatic Markers 177
11.7. Repetition 180
11.8. Interjections for Surprise, Disbelief, and Relief 181
11.9. Whispered Confession and Comment 183
11.10. Interjectional Sound Effects 185
11.11. Exclamations 187
11.12. Rhetorical Questions 188
PART V USE 191
Chapter 12 Interaction Strategies 193
12.1. Choosing Formal and Informal Styles 193
12.2. Politeness and Honorifics 196
12.3. Masculine and Feminine Speech 199
12.4. Youth Language 200
12.5. Borrowing Nihongo Varieties 203
12.6. Greetings and Introductions 204
12.7. Making Requests 206
12.8. Asking for and Granting Permission 209
12.9. Apologizing 212
12.10. Expressing Gratitude 213
12.11. Offering Advice and Suggestions 214
12.12. Giving Orders and Commands 216
12.13. Inviting and Responding to Invitations 218
12.14. Being Serious and Nervous 220
12.15. Fighting and Cursing 221
12.16. Teasing 225
12.17. Leave-Taking and Parting 225
Chapter 13 Conversation Management 229
13.1. Conversational Nihongo 229
13.2. Taking Speaking Turns and Designing Utterances 230
Contents ix
13.3. Openers and Fillers 232
13.4. Prefacing and Alerting 233
13.5. Being Artfully Vague 236
13.6. Utterance-Final Strategies 237
13.7. Commenting on One’s Own Speech 239
13.8. Sharing Thoughts as Feelings 240
13.9. Action-Accompanying Phrases 241
13.10. Postposing 243
13.11. Listener Responses 245
13.12. Clarifying Trouble Spots 246
13.13. Echo Questions and Responses 248
Chapter 14 Gestures and Signals 250
14.1. Gestures and Hand Signals 250
14.2. Bowing and Postures 253
14.3. Special Hand Movements 254
14.4. Eye Contact 254
14.5. Head Nods and Shakes 255
Chapter 15 Rhetorical Figures of Speech 256
15.1. Metaphors 256
15.2. Tautology 258
15.3. Humor and Puns 260
15.4. Irony and Sarcasm 262
15.5. Idioms and Proverbs 264
15.6. Yojoo, the Lingering Effect 266
Chapter 16 Discourse Organization 268
16.1. Three-Part Organization 268
16.2. &Shoo-Ten-Ketsu, the Four-Part Organization 269
16.3. Paragraph Organization 271
16.4. Topic Structure and Staging 272
16.5. Topic Chaining and Thread of Discourse 274
16.6. Discourse Markers 277
PART VI GENRES 279
Chapter 17 Genre Appreciation 281
17.1. Genre Categories 281
17.2. Mixing Genres 283
Chapter 18 Selected Popular Culture Genres 286
18.1. Comics マンガ 286
18.2. Television Variety Show バラエティ番組 294
18.3. Television Drama テレビドラマ 298
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