Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents PDF
Preview Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents
Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents EDITED BY KARL MARAMOROSCH Waksman Institute of Microbiology Rutgers University New Brunswick, New Jersey KERRY F. HARRIS Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station, Texas ACADEMIC PRESS New York San Francisco London 1979 A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers COPYRIGHT © 1979, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Leaf hopper vectors and plant disease agents. Papers of a symposium sponsored by the Entomological Society of America, held in Honolulu, Nov. 27-Dec. 1, 1976. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Leaf-hoppers—Congresses. 2. Insects as carriers of plant diseases—Congresses. 3. Micro-organisms, Phytopathogenic—Congresses. 4. Plant diseases—Con gresses. I. Maramorosch, Karl. II. Harris, Kerry F. III. Entomological Society of America. SB945.L57L4 632 79-10679 ISBN 0-12-470280-5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 79 80 81 82 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. Ε. E. Banttari (327), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 0. E. Bradfute (561), Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691 Jaroslav Break (97), Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague 6-DeJvice, Na Kariovce 1, Praha Czechoslovakia E. C. Calavan (447), Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California 92502 R.E. Davis (451), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Edu cation Administration, Plant Protection Institute, Plant Virology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Roger E. Gold (587), Department of Entomology, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 Ν. E. Grylls (179), Division of Entomology, Commonwealth Scientific and Indus trial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.), P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City, ACT 2601, Australia Kerry F. Harris (217), Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, Col lege Station, Texas 77843 E. A. Heinrichs (529), The International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Ma nila, Philippines G- H. Kaloostian (447), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Education Administration, Boyden Entomology Laboratory, University of Ca lifornia, Riverside, California 92502 xiii xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Klas Lindsten (155), Department of Plant and Forest Protection, Swedish Univer sity of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7036, S-750 07 Uppsala 7, Sweden K. C. Ling (349), The International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Ma nila, Philippines Karl Maramorosch (485), Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers Univer sity, Piscataway, New Jersey Peter G. Markham (413), Department of Virus Research, John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk 52571, England J un Mitsuhashi (369), Division of Entomology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Nishigahara, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan Hans Joachim Muller (29), Dr. Werner Liesche, D 415 Krefeld, Uerdinger Strasse 256, West Germany L.R. Nault (561), Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691 Mervin W. Nielson (3), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Education Administration, Forage Insects Research Laboratory, 2000 East Allen Road, Tucson, Arizona 85719 G. N. Oldfield (447), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Edu cation Administration, Boyden Entomology Laboratory, University of Califor nia, Riverside, California 92502 H. D. Pierce (447), United States Department of Agriculture, Science, and Educa tion Administration, Boyden Entomology Laboratory, University of California, Riverside, California 92502 Alexander H. Pur cell (603), Department of Entomological Sciences, 201 Welman Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Eishiro Shikata (309, 515), Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Hok kaido University, Sapporo, Japan E, R. Tiongco (349), The International Rice Research Institute, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines R. Townsend (413), Department of Virus Research, John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, Norfolk 52571, England R, J. Zeyen (327), Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 PREFACE "Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents, " a sequel to " Aphids as Virus Vectors," is the second in a multivolume series on vectors, vector-borne disease agents, and plant disease spread to be published by Academic Press under the editor ship of Kerry F. Harris and Karl Maramorosch. Here, as in the precedent volume, it is the editors' intention to present an up-to-date, coherent synthesis of the latest findings in leafhopper vector research, to suggest promising frontiers for further research, and to call attention to possible practical applications of our present under standing of leafhopper-pathogen-plant interactions. To realize this goal, we in vited a total of 25 world-renowned scientists from eight countries to report on their individual areas of expertise. In presenting their own research findings and those of others, contributors were encouraged, where appropriate, to draw conclusions and propose hypotheses that might stimulate additional research or otherwise further our understanding of the transmission cycles of leafhopper-borne pathogens and how such cycles might be interrupted by ecologically sound, nonpolluting control mea sures. Each contributor, without exception, responded to the challenge in an admir able imaginative manner. This volume reinforces the view that to understand the whole one must first understand the component parts. Here, vector, pathogen, and plant are treated both individually and as integral parts of multifaceted transmisson systems. The number of topics presented and the in-depth coverage they receive are ample testimony that vector research has come of age. The text is presented in five parts. Opening chapters on the taxonomy, bionomics, and world wide importance of leaf hopper and planthopper vectors are appropriately relegated to Parts I and Π. Part III includes chapters on vector-virus interactions of leafhopper-, planthopper-, and aphid-borne viruses; virus-induced, cytopathological changes in vectors; interac tions of mycoplasmalike organisms and viruses in dually infected leafhoppers, planthoppers and plants, and transitory vector-virus interactions. Topics covered in Part IV include artificial and aseptic rearing of vectors, microinjection technique, vector tissue culture, spiroplasmas, and vectors of spiroplasmas. Chapters on specific leafhopper-borne viruses and MLOs, leafhopper and planthopper vector xv xvi PREFACE control, leafhopper-borne pathogens of corn-stunting diseases, Western X disease, and leafhopper-borne xylem-restricted pathogens are contained in Part V. The current volume, as well as its predecessor, is intended for use by students, teachers, and researchers of vector-pathogen-plant relationships. Its in-depth coverage of leafhoppers and planthoppers as vectors makes it ideally suited as a supplemental text in graduate entomology and plant pathology courses on insect transmisssion of plant disease agents. Moreover, its extensive bibliographies make it desirable as a core reference and background work in vector libraries. The many biological, biochemical, physicochemical, and environmental factors that define even the seemingly simplest type of vector transmisssion system are not readily apparent or easily understood. However, the information in "Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents" advances our knowledge in this regard and confirms the hope that such systems might some day be manipulated to prevent transmission of disease agents affecting not only plants, but also animals and man. Many questions have been answered; more appear on the verge of being answered, and still more have been raised. The editors thank the authors for their help in creating this intellectually stimulating state. Last, but not least, the editors thank the staff of Academic Press for their part in producing this volume. LEAFHOPPER VECTORS AND PLANT DISEASE AGENTS Chapter 1 TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAFHOPPER VECTORS OF PLANT PATHOGENS M.W. Nielson Forage Insects Research Laboratory Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Tucson, Arizona 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 SYSTEMATICS OF VECTOR SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES 1.2.1 Subfamily Agalliinae 1.2.2 Subfamily Macropsinae 1.2.3 Subfamily Gyponinae 1.2.4 Subfamily Coelidiinae 1.2.5 Subfamily Aphrodinae 1.2.6 Subfamily Cicadellinae 1.2.7 Subfamily Typhlocybinae 1.2.8 Subfamily Deltocephalinae 1.3 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS 1.3.1 Familial Phylogeny 1.3.2 Tribal Phylogeny 1.3.3 Comparative Multitude of Vector Taxa 1.4 RELATIONSHIP OF VECTOR TAXA AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY 1.5 REFERENCES 1.1 INTRODUCTION Relationships between leafhopper-borne agents and their vectors have intrigued research workers for the past several decades. Several criteria have been formu lated and successfully used in developing different concepts. These include vector phylogeny (Frazier, 1944), evolutionary associations (Black, 1956), vector speci ficity (Oman, 1969) and agent-morphology relationships (Brakke, 1969). 3 ISBN 0-12-470280-5 4 M. W. NIELSON Although given token appraisal by Nielson (1968), the concept of vector phy logeny (taxonomic relationships) has not received serious consideration since it was first initiated by Frazier (1944). Slow progress in taxonomic research, paucity of vector species, and disruptions caused by the seemingly endless change of names of vector genera and vector species have discouraged a careful réévaluation of this concept. However, stabilization of names of vector taxa is making fair progress as more research on biosystematics of these groups reveal their true relationships. Much more work still remains to be done. I have endeavored in this paper to show a more reasonable semblance of cica- dellid vector phylogenetic relationships than has been revealed heretofore. There appears to be substantive evidence that such a relationship exists among certain generic and species groups within two or three vector subfamilies. Outside of these limited lower taxa such relationships must be viewed with speculation. 1.2 SYSTEMATICS OF VECTOR SUBFAMILIES, GENERA, and SPECIES Since the last treatment of the taxonomy of the leafhopper vectors of plant pathogenic agents (Nielson, 1968; Ishihara, 1969), significant contributions have been made toward the stabilization of vector genera and vector species. Moreover, new vector species have been incriminated in the transmission of pathogens of plants, adding 14 to the list of 114 vectors treated by Nielson (1968), thus bringing the total presently known to 128 vector species and subspecies in the world. These taxa are given in Table I together with their respective vector subfamilies and vector genera which are arranged in phylogenetic sequence. The vector species are in alpha betical order under their respective genera. 1.2.1 Subfamily Agalliinae The nomenclature of the vector genera and species in the subfamily Agalliinae of the new world has, for the most part, been fairly well stabilized through taxo nomic studies by Oman (1933, 1938) and Kramer (1964). The monotypic genus Anaceratagallia Zakhvatkin, Austroagallia Evans, and other old world genera of Agalliinae are being studied by the Indian systematist, Dr. C.A. Viraktamath. There is, however, a need to review and bring together a complete taxonomic treatise of this important vector subfamily for the entire world. Biosystematic studies of Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Provancher) and Agalliopsis novella (Say) are also essential to resolve infraspecific problems that are prevalent with these two agalliine species. 1.2.2 Subfamily Macropsinae The genus Macropsis Lewis of the subfamily Macropsinae is notoriously diffi cult to study taxonomically because of the numerous infraspecific forms and generally poor male genitalic characters available for separating species. Except for Beirne's (1954) work on the Prunus- and Rubus-feeding species of the Nearctic region and Wagner's (1964) study of Rosaceae-feeding species of the Netherlands, TABLE I Leafhopper Vectors of Plant Pathogenic Agents VectotTaxon Disease Agent Reference AGALLIINAE ( Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944) Agalliopsis novella (Say) { Clover club-leaf Black (1944) I Clover wound-tumor Black (1944) Agalliana ensigera Oman ί Argentine curly top of sugarbeet Fawcett (1927) I Brazilian curly top of tomato Costa (1952) Agalliana sticticollis (Stâl) Brazilian curly top of tomato Costa (1952) Aceratagallia calcaris Oman Sugarbeet yellow vein Staples etal. (1970) Aceratagallia curvata Oman Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944) Aceratagallia longula (Van Duzee) Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944) Aceratagallia obscura Oman Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944) Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Provancher) Potato yellow dwarf Black (1934) Anaceratagallia venosa (Fourcroy) Tomato leaf-crinkle Sukhov and Vovk (1947) Agallia albidula Uhler Brazilian curly top of tomato Sauer(1946) Agallia constricta Van Duzee { Potato yellow dwarf Black (1941) I Clover wound-tumor Black (1944) Agallia quadripunctata (Provancher) J Potato yellow dwarf Black (1944) I Clover wound-tumor Black (1944) Austroagallia torrida Evans Clover rugose leaf-curl Grylls (1954) MACROPSINAE Macropsis fuscula (Zetterstedt) Rubus stunt Fluiter and van der Meer (1953) Macropsis scotti Edwards Rubus stunt East Mailing Research Station (1960) (1961) Macropsis trimaculata (Fitch) 1 Peach yellows Kunkel (1933) I Little peach Manns and Manns (1935) GYPONINAE Gyponana angulata (Spangberg) North American aster-yellows Severin (1946) Gyponana lamina DeLong Eastern X-disease of peach Gilmer and McEwen (1958) COELIDIINAE Coelidia indica Walker Sandal spike Rangaswami and Griffith (1941) Table I (continued) Vector Taxon Disease Agent Reference Coelidia olitoria (Say) Strawberry pallidosis Frazier (1975) APHRODINAE Aphrodes albifrons (Linné) Go ver phyllody Evenhuis (1958) Stolbur disease Break (1954) European aster-yellows Heinze and Kunze (1955) Aphrodes bicincta (Schrank) Qover stunt Musil (1960) Clover Phyllody Evenhuis (1958) CICADELLINAE Proconiini Homalodisca coagulata (Say) Phony peach disease Turner and Pollard (1955) Pierce's disease of grape Kaloostian etal. (1962) Homalodisca insolita (Walker) Phony peach disease Turner and Pollard (1955) Homalodisca lacerta (Fowler) Pierce's disease of grape Freitag et al (1952) Oncometopie nigricans (Walker) Phony peach disease Pollard (pers. comm. 1965) 6 Oncometopia orbona (Fabricius) Phony peach disease Turner (1949) Pierce's disease of grape Kaloostian et al. (1962) Cuerna costalis (Fabricius) Phony peach disease Turner (1949) Pierce's disease of grape Kaloostian et al (1962) Cuerna occidentalis Oman & Beamer Pierce's disease of grape Frazier (1944) Cuerna yuccae Oman & Beamer Pierce's disease of grape Freitag et al (1952) Cicadellini Amphigonalia severini (DeLong) Pierce's disease of grape Frazier (1944) Draeculacephala crassicornis Van Duzee Pierce's disease of grape Freitag etal (1952) Draeculacephala minerva Ball Pierce's disease of grape Hewitt etal (1942) Draeculacephala noveboracensis (Fitch) Pierce's disease of grape Freitag etal (1952) Chlorotic streak of sugarcane Abbott and Ingram (1942) Draeculacephala portola Ball Pierce's disease of grape Freitag et al (1952) Phony peach disease Turner and Pollard (1955) Carneocephala flaviceps (Riley) Pierce's disease of grape Stoner (1953) Cameocephala fulgida Nottingham Pierce's disease of grape Hewitt etal (1942) Carneocephala triguttata Nottingham Pierce's disease of grape Frazier (1944)
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