Leaf Anatomy of Cinnamomum tamala and C. impressinervium (Lauraceae), and the Botanical Origin of Nepalese Natural Drug “Tejpat”

6 Pages·2003·0.39 MB·English

by  Masayuki Mikage

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Leaf Anatomy of Cinnamomum tamala and
c. impressinervium (Lauraceae)，an d the Botanical Origin
of Nepalese Natural Drug “Tejpat"
Masayuki MIKAGE and Masayuki SENOO
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences，K anazawa University，
Takara-machi 13-1，K anazawa，Is hikawa，9 20-0934 JAPAN
(Received on February 14 ，2 003)
Leaves of Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm. and C. impressiner-
vium Meisn. (Lauraceae) were studied in order to clarify the botanical origin of由e
Nepalese natural drug “Tejpat". The results showed that these species can be distin-
guished from each other by血epresence or absence of papillae on the abaxial surface of
the lamina，th e differences of outline of the midribs and the number of phloem rays in the
ansversesections of midribs. Tejpat obtained in Kathmandu was identified as the mixed
住
leaves of the two species in the almost equal ratio.
Key words: Cinnamomum tamala，C innαmomum impressinervium，le af anatomy，Ne pal，
Tejpa .t
Tejpat，th e cinnamon leaf，is aw ellknown are known; 仁 bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.)
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Nepalese natural drug used as an註ritantand Sweet，C . camphora (L.) lPres ，.l C. glan-
carminative，a nd is ar emedy for abdominal duliferum (Wall.) Meisn.，C . glaucescens
acute pain， diarrhea， and rheumatism (Nees) Hand.-Mazz.， C. impressinervium
(Manandhar 1980，H is Majesty's Govt. of Meisn.，C. partheno.砂lon(Jack) Meisn.，a nd
Nepal 1997)，a nd also a common cooking C. tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm.
spice (Malla 1982). It has been said that (Hara et al. 1982). Of these，t he taxa with
Tejpat is made from the leaves of Cinna- trinerved leaves are C. tamala，C . impres-
momum tamala (Manandhar 1980) and one sinervium，a nd仁 bejolghota.The leaves of
obtained in a Kathmandu market was evi- the last taxon，m ore than 20 cml ong，紅eex-
dently the leaves of Cinnamomum species tremely 1gerthan those of the others.
紅
based on its characteristic odor and trinerved Therefore，th e botanical origin of the Tejpat
venation. The leaf blades of the Tejpat con- obtained was thought to be either C. tamala
stituents were 6-20 cm in length，a nd mor or C. impressinervium. In this study，to clar-
闇
phologically relatively uniform. On closer ify the botanical origin of Tejpat，c ompara-
inspection，ho wever，th e leaves seemed to di- tive anatomical studies on the leaves of C.
vide into two groups: Type A; the adaxial tamala and C. impressinervium. were carried
surface of midrib is almost f1at，a nd Type B; out.
the adaxial surface of the midrib is some-
what along the shoulders of the Resulb
hollow~d 匂
veln. The extemal mo中hologywas observed
In Nepal，s even wild Cinnamomum taxa with the naked eye and under ah and lens of
-330-ー
December 2003 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vo .l78 No. 6 331
10 magnifications. The inner suctureof the August 1995 (specimen number: KANP-
佐
transverse sections of midribs at the base (at 1590).
1/6o f the blade length from the base) and 2) Extemal morphology
the middle (at 1/2o f the blade length)，a nd The Tejpat is composed of entire leaves
the lamina and m ginat the middle were and fragments，a nd no shoot is mixed in. The
訂
observed under an optical microscope. leaf is orbicular to oblong or lanceolate ob-
Moreover，t he Palisade Ratio (P.RよVein- long，6 -20 cm long，2 -6 cm wide，tr inerved
islet Number (ViN)，a nd Veinlet Termination and coriaceous. The apex is acute to
Number (VTN) were observed by the usual acuminate，s ometimes caudate，t he base is
method (Trease and Evans 1966). cuneate to obtuse. Through detailed observa-
Voucher specimens of both the plant ma- tion，t he leaves could be divided into two
terials and Tejpat are kept in the Faculty of groups; Type A whose midrib is almost flat，
Pharmaceutical Sciences，K anazawa Univer- and Type Bm idrib hollows along the shoul-
sity (KANP) and in the University Museum， ders of the vein.
the University of Tokyo (TI). (Collector' s
abbreviations: OHA，H . Ohashi et al.; OHB， 2. Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.)
H. Ohba et al.; MM，M . Mikage et al.; SM， Nees & Eberm. and Tejpat Type A (Fig.
M. Senoo). 2-A)
1) Plant materials: Central Nepal. Bagmati
1. Tejpat (Fig. 1) Zone，K athmandu Distr.; Nagarjun，al t. 1840
1) Materials: Tejpat produced in Nepal was m， MM0060595; id.， alt. 1860 m，
obtained at the herbal shop of Gyan Man MM0060598. Westem Nepal. Gandaki
Jagot Hitman Singh，K athmandu，N epal，in Zone，G orkha Distr.; Sardu Khola，al t. 1820
2
5 cm
Fig. 1. Tejpat obtained in Kathmandu market. 1; Leaf Type A. 2; Leaf Type B. The surface of midrib of
Type A is almost flat，a nd that of Type B hollows slightly along the shoulders of the vein.
332 植物研究雑誌第78巻第6号 平成15年12月
m，M M9455162; id.，L okpa，a lt. 1945 m， 2) Extemal morphology
MM9460084; id.，S ardu Khola，al t. 1860 m， Leaves coriaceous，o blong to lanceolate-
MM9460091. Gandaki Zone，K aski Distr.; oblong，6 -20 cml ong，2 6c mw ide，ac ute to
-，.-
vicinity of Tamage， alt. 1650 m， acuminate，o r sometimes caudate at apex，
MM9966510; id.，al t. 1520 m，M M9966537. cuneate to rounded at base，t rinerved; two
Dhaulagiri Zone，M yagdi Distr.; Ghara，al t. lateral veins diverged from the midribs near
1580 m，M M9966551; between Beg Khora the base and terminate at 3/5-4/5 from the
and Rahughat，al t. 1020 m，M M9961320. base. No hair is observed on adaxial surface，
A
1
2
scs
設盤強&
モ竺認匂ア co
4 '--圃圃__.
100μm
100μm
Fig. 2. Transverse sections at the middle of leaves of Cinnamomum spp. in Nepal. A; C. tamala. B; C.
impressinervium. 1; midrib. 2; lower epidermis. Abbreviations: co，c ollenchyma tissue; epl，lo wer epi-
dermis; epu，u pper epidermis; oc，o il cell; pa，p alisade tissue; ph，p hloem; pp，p apilla; scs，
sclerenchymatous sheath; xy，x ylem.
December 2003 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vol. 78 No. 6 333
and af ew on abaxial surface under ah and Num，al t. 2050-1600 m，O HA774555 (TI).
lens. Central Nepal. Janakpur Zone， Dolakha
3) Intemal structure Distr.，b etween Phedi Kharka and Khani-
In ansversesection，mi drib broadly con- gaon，al t. 2100-1700 m，O HB8340507 (TI).
佐
vex to both adaxial and abaxial sides，4 10- 2) Extemal mo中hology
700凹nthick at the middle，a nd 500-860阿n Leaf shape is almost the same to that of C.
at the base of the leaf. Leaf margin slightly tamala，bu t size is smaller，6- 12 cml ong and
outcurved. Cuticle layer 1-5阿nthick covers 2-5 cmw ide. The lateral veins reach to near
epidermis，t hicker on midrib and margins the apex. The shoulders of the midrib e
紅
than on lamina，a nd thicker on adaxial sur- slightly concave. Leaf is coriaceous and
face than on abaxial surface of lamina. more sclerophyllous than that of C. tamala.
Epidermis is one celllayer，9- 16阿nthick in N0 hair is observable with the naked eye，
the upper and 8-13μm in the lower epider- scarce hairs erecognized under ah and lens
紅
mis，bo th the surfaces ealmost f1at. on abaxial surface.
紅
In the midrib，b eneath the epidermis of 3) Intemal structure
both adaxial' and abaxial surfaces，m echani- The intemal structure of the leaf in the
cal tissues composed of sclerenchyma and transverse section is basically the same as for
collenchyma cells epresent，n umbering C. tα:mala.
紅 ，
115-241 at the middle and 167-324 at the Midrib broadly and strongly convex on the
base of the leaf. In this tissue，s everal oil abaxial side of the lamina，s lightly raised
cells (diameter 32-72阿n)紅eapp紅'ent.One above the lamina on the adaxial side，4 20-
large collateral vascular bundle，or bicular to 743阿nthick at the middle，an d 564-833阿n
reniform in shape，is present in the center of thick at the base of the leaf. Leaf margin
the midrib，s urrounded by a sclerenchy- slightly outcurved. Epidermis is 9-16阿n
matous sheath of 1to 4f ibrous cell layers in thick in adaxial and 8-23仰nin abaxial
the endodermis position. The large vessel is sides.
30-45伊nin diameter. One to five rays紅e In the midrib，b eneath the epidermis of
recognized in the phloem. both adaxial and abaxial surfaces，m echani-
In the lamina，pa lisade tissue of 1-2 cells cal tissues composed of sclerenchyma cells
thickness and spongy tissue of 2-4 cells or of both sclerenchyma and collenchyma
thick eapp'ent.The palisade parenchyma cells eapparent，t here e56-170 me-
紅 訂 紅 紅
cell is 37-63阿nlong. Oil cells of 30-80阿n chanical cells at the middle，9 0-189 at the
diameter erecognized in the both tissues. base of the leaf. In this tissue，s everal oil
紅
In surface view，u pper epidermal cells are cells (diameter of 32-72阿n)can be seen.
amorphous in shape with undulate cell walls， One large collateral vascular bundle，or bicu-
20-38仰nin diameter. Stomata紅eobvious lar to reniform in shape，is present in the c印刷
on the abaxial surface，an d the stomatal com- ter of the midrib， surrounded by a
plex pattem is p acytic.P.R.: 2-2.5-3.0， sclerenchymatous sheath composed of 1t o 4
紅
ViN: 24-30.2-37，V TN: 0-2.0ー4.0. fibrous celllayers. The large vessel is 21-35
Sclerenchyma tissue develops，a nd oil μmi n diameter，6 -11 rays are appentin the
訂
cells eapparent in the leaf m gin. phloem.
訂 紅
In the lamina，pa lisade tissue composed of
3. Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn. 1-2 cell layers and spongy tissue of 2-4 cell
and Tejpat Type B (Fig. 2-B) layers 'eseen. The palisade parenchyma
紅
1) Plant materials: Eastem Nepal. Kosi Zone， cell is 40-78ド.mlong. Oil cells of 30-80卯n
Sankhuwasabha Dist ，.rbetween Fururu and in long diameter are recognized in both tis
白
334 植物研究雑誌第78巻第6号 平成15年12月
sues. Lower epidermal cells are characteristi- limonene，et c.，wh ile cinnamic aldehyde con-
cally papillose (Fig. l-B2)，w hile the upper tent is low and no eugenol has been recorded
epidermal cells enot. for it (Upadhaya 1994). It has been reported
紅
In the surface view，t he upper epidermal that the main component in the essential oil
cells are amorphous in shape with undulate of C. impressinervium was eugenol (Subhan
cell walls，2 5--43戸nin diameter. The cell Anil 1994). If this is the case，th e pharma-
wall of lower epidermal cells is also ex- ceutical effects of these species e'expected
訂
tremely sinuate. Stomata are obvious on the to be different from each other. Further phar-
abaxial surface. P.R.: 1.50-2.20-2.75，V iN: maceutical study on each species should be
21-25.7-30，V TN: 0-1.3-2.0. necessy.
紅
ConcIusions This research work was supported in part
1. The comparative anatomical study of by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of
the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala and C. Education， Culture， Sports， Science and
impressinervium growing in Nepal showed Technology， Govemment of Japan (No.
that the latter was distinguished clearly from 07041132).
the former by anatomical features，s uch as，
papilla on the abaxial surface，1訂 gerprojec References
田
tion of midrib to abaxial side，f ewer phloem Hara H.，Ch ater A. o. and Williams L. H. J. 1982. An
rays，et c. Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal 3:
2. The Tejpat obtained in Kathmandu was 182-184. British Museum，L ondon.
His Majesty's Govt. of Nepal，M inistry of Forests and
identified as the mixed leaves of
Soil Conservation Department of Plant Resources.
Cinnamomum tamαlαand C. impressiner-
1997. Medicinal Plants of Nepal，pp . 64-65.
vium in an almost equal ratio. This is the first
Malla S. B. (ed.) 1982. Wild Edible Plants of Nepal，
report that the leaf of C. impressinervium is 81. Dept. of Medicinal Plants，M inistry of Forests
circulated in Ne palese market as an atural & Soil Conservation，K athmandu.
drug. The species has reported as one of bo- Manandhar N. P. 1980. Medicinal Plants of Nepal
Himalaya，p. 31. Ratna Pustak Bhandar，Ka thmandu.
tanical origins of Tejpat in eastem
Subhan C. N. 1998. Commercial resources of
Himalayan region of India (Subhan 1998).
Cinnαmomum species in eastern Himalayan region
3. The shoulders of midrib were not of India，E NVIS Bulletin-Himalayan Ecology &
concave in the transverse section of the leaf Development 6: 21.
of C. impressinervium，t hough the dried 一一一andAnil K. S. B. 1994. Eugenol as the major
component of the leaf oils of Cinnamomum
leaves have hollows along the midrib. We
impressinervium Meissn. J. Essent. Oil Res. 6:
think the hollows may be caused by different
211-212.
shrinking degree of sclerenchyma tissue be
Trease G. E. and Evans W. C. 1996. A Textbook of
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neath the upper epidermis of the midrib and Ph紅macognosy，pp. 704ー707.Bailliere，T indall
parenchyma tissue surrounding the and Cassell，L ondon.
sclerenchyma tissue. The details e'unclear. Upadhaya S. P.，K irihata M. and Ichimoto 1. 1994.
訂
Cinnamon leaf oil from Cinnamomum tamala
4. The main components of the essential
grown in Nepal. J. Jpn. Soc. Food Sci. Tech. 41:
oil contained in the leaf of C. tamαla are
512-514.
linalool，α-pinene， p-cymene， s-pinene，
December 2003 Joumal of Japanese Botany Vol. 78 No. 6 335
御影雅幸，妹尾昌幸:Cinnamomum tamalaとc
impressinervium (クスノキ科)の葉の組織形態な
らびにネパール産生薬“Tejpat"の原植物 植物を解明する目的で仁 tamaZαとC.impressiner-
ネパールのカトマンズ市場で，クスノキ科のニッ viumの葉を比較組織学的に検討した.その結果，
ケイ属 Cinnamomum植物の葉に由来すると思われ 横折面において，前者に比して後者の中央脈が下
る生薬‘'Tejpat"を入手した.葉は三行脈で，詳 面側に大きく突出すること，葉肉部の下面表皮細
細に観察すると中央脈上面がほぼ平坦なもの (A 胞が著しく乳頭状突起化すること，また飾部放射
タイプ)と，脈の両肩がわずかに凹むもの (Bタ 組織が少ないことなどで明らかに区別され，前者
イプ)に分けられた.ネパールの同属植物の中で がAタイプ，後者がBタイプであることが明ら
三行脈を有するものは仁 b々jolghota(Buch.-Ham.) かになった.以上の結果に基づいて市場品を検討
Sweet，C . tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberrn.，C . した結果，商品はこれら 2種のほぼ等量混合物で
c
impressinervium Meisn.の3種であり，そのうち あることが明らかになった.本論文はネパールで
b々jolghotaの葉は長さが20cmをこえる大型で、， 仁impressinerviumが薬用に供されていることを示
商品とは大きく異なった.そこで，“Tejpat"の原 す最初の報告である. (金沢大学薬学部)
第78巻5号正誤 Errata in Vol. 78 No. 5
ページ (Page) カラム (Column) 行 (Line) 誤 (For) 正 (Read)
293 Left ↓13 var. philippinensis var. palawanensis
293 Left ↓19 var. palawanensis var. phil伊'Pinensis