Table Of Content

BY THE SAME AUTHOR A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812–1822 Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy The Troubled Partnership: A Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance Problems of National Strategy: A Book of Readings (ed.) American Foreign Policy, Three Essays The White House Years For the Record: Selected Statements, 1977–1980 Years of Upheaval Observations: Selected Speeches and Essays, 1982–1984 Diplomacy Years of Renewal Does America Need a Foreign Policy?: Toward a Diplomacy for the Twenty-first Century Ending the Vietnam War: A History of America’s Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises On China World Order The Age of AI: And Our Human Future (with Daniel P. Huttenlocher and Eric Schmidt) PENGUIN PRESS An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC penguinrandomhouse.com Copyright © 2022 by Henry A. Kissinger Penguin Random House supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin Random House to continue to publish books for every reader. Image credits appear on this page. ISBN 9780593489444 (hardcover) ISBN 9780593489451 (ebook) Cover design: Darren Haggar Adapted for ebook by Cora Wigen pid_prh_6.0_140384926_c0_r0 To Nancy, The inspiration of my life Contents Acknowledgements Introduction The Axes of Leadership • The Nature of Leadership Decisions • Six Leaders in their Context • Epitomes of Leadership: The Statesman and the Prophet • The Individual in History 1 Konrad Adenauer: The Strategy of Humility The Necessity of Renewal • From Early Life to Internal Exile • The Road to Leadership • The Restoration of Civil Order and the Inauguration of the Chancellor • The Path to a New National Identity • The Soviet Challenge and Rearmament • The Inextricable Past: Reparations to the Jewish People • Two Crises: Suez and Berlin • Three Conversations with Adenauer • German Unification: The Tormenting Wait • Final Conversations • The Adenauer Tradition 2 Charles de Gaulle: The Strategy of Will Close Encounters • The Beginning of the Journey • The Sources and Aims of de Gaulle’s Conduct • De Gaulle in the History of France • De Gaulle and the Second World War • North African Contest • Achieving Political Power • A Visit to Moscow • De Gaulle and the Provisional Government • The Desert • Failure in Indochina and Frustration in the Middle East • Algeria and the Return of de Gaulle • The Fifth Republic • The End of the Algerian Conflict • Germany as a Key to French Policy: De Gaulle and Adenauer • De Gaulle and the Atlantic Alliance • The Nuclear Directorate • Flexible Response and Nuclear Strategy • What Is an Alliance? • The End of the Presidency • The Nature of de Gaulle’s Statesmanship • De Gaulle and Churchill Compared • Behind the Mystery 3 Richard Nixon: The Strategy of Equilibrium The World to Which Nixon Came • An Unforeseen Invitation • National Security Decision-making in the Nixon White House • Nixon’s Worldview • Diplomacy and Linkage • A Trip to Europe • The Vietnam War and its Conclusion • Great Power Diplomacy and Arms Control • Emigration from the Soviet Union • The Opening to China • The Middle East in Turmoil • The 1973 Middle East War • The Diplomacy of Ceasefire • The Middle East Peace Process • Bangladesh and the Interlocking Cold War • Nixon and the American Crisis 4 Anwar Sadat: The Strategy of Transcendence The Special Quality of Anwar Sadat • The Impact of History • Early Life • Contemplations in Prison • Egypt’s Independence • Mouthpiece of the Revolution • Nasser and Sadat • Sadat’s Perspective • The Corrective Revolution • Strategic Patience • The 1973 War • Meir and Sadat • The Meeting at the Tahra Palace • From Geneva to Disengagement • The Syrian Dimension • Another Step Toward Peace: The Sinai II Agreement • Sadat’s Journey to Jerusalem • The Tortuous Road to Peace • The Unraveling • Assassination • Epilogue: The Unrealized Legacy 5 Lee Kuan Yew: The Strategy of Excellence A Visit to Harvard • The Giant from Lilliput • Imperial Youth • Building a State • Building a Nation • ‘Let History Judge’ • Building an Economy • Lee and America • Lee and China • Between the US and China • Lee’s Legacy • Lee the Person 6 Margaret Thatcher: The Strategy of Conviction A Most Unlikely Leader • Thatcher and the British System • The Challenges Ahead: Britain in the 1970s • The Ascent from Grantham • A Framework for Leadership • The Economic Reformer • In Defense of Sovereignty: The Falklands Conflict • Negotiations over Hong Kong • Confronting a Legacy of Violence: Northern Ireland • Fundamental Truths: The ‘Special Relationship’ and the Cold War • A Problem in Grenada • A Strategic Shift: East–West Engagement • Defending Kuwaiti Sovereignty: The Gulf Crisis • The Limits to Leadership: Germany and the Future of Europe • Europe, the Endless Difficulty • The Fall • Epilogue Conclusion: The Evolution of Leadership From Aristocracy to Meritocracy • Hard Truths • The Faltering Meritocracy • Deep Literacy and Visual Culture • Underlying Values • Leadership and World Order • The Future of Leadership List of Illustrations Notes Index Acknowledgements This book is what it is largely because of Stuart Proffitt, publishing director at Penguin Press UK and editor extraordinaire. Thoughtful publishers raise issues that are elusive and thereby inspire their authors to their best reflections. Stuart has performed this task with aplomb, persistence and wisdom. Few have understood – or challenged – my thinking with comparable subtlety and range of knowledge. Throughout dozens of Zoom calls over more than two years, Stuart has been an indispensable partner in the conception and execution of this book. Another remarkable collaborator complemented Stuart’s impact with exceptional editorial skill. Neal Kozodoy reviewed every chapter. A genius in slicing Gordian knots of clotted prose and a profound amateur historian, he broadened the perspective and elevated the prose. As with previous books, I have benefited from dedicated associates who explored the vast source materials. Matthew Taylor King gave sage counsel on both substance and style. Leaving an imprint on every chapter, he helped shepherd the book from its midway point with extraordinary commitment and perception. Eleanor Runde, who combines enthusiasm, efficiency, and remarkable intellect, undertook valuable research in the first phase of the book and later returned on a part-time basis to make a penetrating contribution to the Sadat chapter. Vance Serchuk was helpful and incisive in the development and analysis of the Nixon chapter. Ida Rothschild provided effective line edits and thoughtful organizational comments. 10