Leadership, Legitimacy and Conflict in China: From a Charismatic Mao to the Politics of Succession PDF
Preview Leadership, Legitimacy and Conflict in China: From a Charismatic Mao to the Politics of Succession
-Leadership, Legitimacy, an<fConflict in China I n the three essays in this volume, Professor Teiwes investigates leadership politics at the apex of the Chinese system. He raises a series of questions about conflict in the most authoritative body, the Politburo, and more broadly among the senior leaders of China's various organizations. What are the sources of power and authority at the top? What has been the nature of the relationship be tween the leader-most importantly Mao but also in recent years Deng Xiaoping-and his Politburo col leagues? What tensions have emerged among those ranking elite members serving under the leader? How do the fortunes of such figures interact with the various institutional interests of contemporary China and the massive bureaucracy as a whole? Inquiries such as these are necessarily speculative, but given the difficulties of perceiving and analyzing the interactions of leaders in a closed system such as China's, Teiwes' assessments are both knowledge able and provocative. ABOUT THE AUTHOR A graduate of Amherst College, Frederick C. Teiwes received his Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University. From 1969 to 1976 he first taught at Cornell University and then held a research appointment at The Australian National University. Since 1976 he has been on the faculty of the University of Sydney where he is a Reader in Government. Mr. Teiwes has written widely on various aspects of Chinese affairs, particularly provincial politics and elite analysis in addition to Party disciplinary methods. His works include Provincial Party Personnel in Mainland China (1967), Ssu-Ch 'ing: The Socialist Education Move ment (with Richard Baum, 1968), Provincial Leadership in China (1974), Elite Discipline in China (1978), and Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms 1950-1965 (1979). FREDERICK C. TEIWES eadership, egitimacy, and Conflict mCbina FROM A CHARISMATIC TO ~1AO THE POLITICS OF SUCCESSION M MACMILLAN Copyright © 1984 by M. E. Sharpe, Inc. 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1984 978-0-333-37442-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without written permission from the publisher. First published in the United Kingdom 1984 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Teiwes, Frederick C. Leadership, legitimacy, and conflict in China. 1. China-Politics and government-1949- 1. Title 320.951 JQ1516 ISBN 978-0-333-37443-6 ISBN 978-1-349-17423-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-17423-2 To KATH CONTENTS Acknowledgments IX Abbreviations xi Introduction 3 I. CHINESE POLITICS 1949-1965: A CHANGING MAO 10 Mao's Thought-An Evolving Dialectic 11 Mao's Position in the CCP 23 Patterns of Conflict 31 Conclusion 42 II. THE LEGITIMACY OF THE LEADER 43 The Bases of Legitimacy 46 The Shifting Nature of Mao's Authority, 1949-1976 62 The Post-Mao Search for Legitimacy 76 III. NORMATIVE AND PRUDENTIAL RULES UNDER AND AFTER MAO 93 Normative Rules and Prudential Politics 94 Elite Politics under Stable Maoism, 1949-1965 99 The Rise and Fall of Lin Biao, 1966-1971 105 "Two Line Struggle," 1972173-1976 113 From Hua to Hu in the Age of Deng, 1976/77-1982 118 Conclusions and Prospects 127 Notes 133 Index 163 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This volume of essays owes a great deal to conferences on Leninist political systems held at The Australian National University in 1979 and 1981. These conferences, organized by T. H. Rigby and Robert F. Miller, led me to think systematically about many of the issues raised in the second and third pieces below, and Rigby's papers in particular laid some essential groundwork for my own analyses. At a later stage Michael Yahuda performed an invaluable service through detailed comments on the latter essays which sharpened my sense of the distinct Chinese dimension as opposed to the Leninist structural features of leadership politics in China. Graeme Gill provided not only valued criticism but also considerable guidance on comparative insights into Soviet politics. I also thank a number of others who commented at various stages on one or more of the three essays: David Bachman, Gordon Bennett, Bernard Carey, Ross Curnow, Lowell Dittmer, Thomas Fingar, Tom Fisher, Michael Jackson, Pamela Tan, Wang Gungwu, and Gordon White. Sandra Gibbons provided helpful research assistance, while Sandra Donnelly, Wilma Sharp, and Sylvia Krietsch worked diligently on the various stages of the manuscript, and Margaret McAllister prepared the Index with brisk efficiency. Finally, I am deeply apprecia tive of the financial support of the Department of Government at the University of Sydney. Frederick C. Teiwes Sydney ix ABBREVIATIONS Organizations CAC Central Advisory Commission CCP Chinese Communist Party CMC Central Military Commission JCP Japanese Communist Party MAC Military Affairs Committee NPC National People's Congress PLA People's Liberation Army PRC People's Republic of China Publications and Publishing Agencies BR Beijing Review CB Current Background CLG Chinese Law and Government CNA China News Analysis CQ The China Quarterly FB/S:PRC Foreign Broadcast Information Service: People's Republic of China IS Issues & Studies JPRS Joint Publications Research Service MMT Miscellany of Mao Tse-tung Thought MP Mao Papers: Anthology and Bibliography NIT The New York Times PDA Communist China I955-I959: Policy Documents with Analysis PR Peking Review RMRB Renmin Ribao [People's Daily] SCMM Selections from China Mainland Magazines SCMP Survey of China Mainland Press sw Selected Works of Mao Zedong USIS United States Information Service xi l-,eadership, Legitimacy, ancfConflict inC hina
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