Table Of Content

Laying Down the Law Eleventh edition .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .s h tro w re ttu B sixe N sixe L .0 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:26:48. Contents Preface xiii Table of Cases xvii Table of Statutes xxix Table of Exercises xliii Part 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Laying the Foundations 3 Introduction 5 Why study law 6 Legal systems 6 The civil law 9 The common law 10 Categories of law 13 Technical language 14 Chapter 2: The Origins and Historical Development of the Australian Legal System 17 .d Introduction 20 e vre Roots of English law 21 se r sth Reform of court procedure in the 19th century 28 g ir llA Foundations of modern constitutionalism 29 .sh The foundation of the Australian legal system 36 tro wre Evolution of an independent legislature 40 ttuB Development of judicial independence 42 sixe Continuing connection with English law 44 N sixe The path to constitutional independence 46 L .0 2 0 2 © Chapter 3: The Australian Legal System 53 th g iryp Introduction 55 o C Origins and institutions 55 Key constitutional principles 57 Australian legal institutions 60 v Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:27:08. LAYING DOWN THE LAW International law 67 Human rights law in Australia 71 Chapter 4: First Nations Australians and the Australian Legal System 81 Introduction 83 Native title 83 First Nations Australians and the criminal justice system 93 Northern Territory Intervention 105 First Nations Australians and the Australian Constitution 111 Chapter 5: The Legal Profession and Professional Legal Practice and Ethics 119 Introduction 122 Legal profession 122 Understanding and practising law 125 Professional conduct 131 Ethics 136 Conclusion 142 Chapter 6: Going to Law: Legal Dispute Resolution Processes 145 Introduction 147 Overview of legal process 147 The adversarial trial 151 Finality and appeals 156 Costs, delays and access to justice 161 Distinction between matters of fact and matters of law 169 .de Part 2: Sources of Law: Case Law 173 vre se r sth g Chapter 7: Case Law and Precedent 175 ir llA .sh Introduction 177 tro wre Reading and analysing a case 179 ttuB Doctrine of precedent or stare decisis 193 sixeN Judicial law-making 218 sixe Law reporting 228 L .0 2 0 2 © Chapter 8: Precedent in Australian Courts 233 th g irypo Introduction 235 C The High Court of Australia 235 Other Australian courts 244 Court hierarchies in the federal system 251 vi Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:27:08. CONTENTS Overview of the doctrine of precedent in Australian courts 266 Issues on the margins of the doctrine of precedent 266 Part 3: Sources of Law: Legislation 283 Chapter 9: Legislation 285 Introduction 289 Historical development 289 Terminology 290 Differences between legislation and case law 290 Legislation takes precedence over case law 292 Making statutes 293 The legislative process 293 Financial scrutiny of legislation 295 Legislation: frequently asked questions 296 Commencement of statutes 296 Amendment and repeal of statutes 302 Formal structure of a statute 305 Legislative dictionaries — interpretation statutes 316 Drafting statutes 320 Different types of statutes 322 Particular forms of legislation in the Australian territories 326 Delegated legislation 328 Chapter 10: Approaches to Interpretation of Legislation 337 Introduction 339 Summary of principles 341 .de The goal of interpretation 342 vre se Common law approaches 342 r sth Purposive approach under legislation 351 g ir llA Context: the modern approach to interpretation 356 .sh tro w re Chapter 11: Extrinsic Aids to Interpretation of Legislation 365 ttu B sixe Introduction 367 N sixe Summary of principles 367 L .0 Use of extrinsic materials at common law 368 2 0 2 © Use of extrinsic materials under statute 374 th g iryp oC Chapter 12: Interpretation of Legislation in Context 385 Introduction 387 Summary of principles 387 vii Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:27:08. LAYING DOWN THE LAW Interpretation with reference to accompanying words 388 Interpretation with reference to punctuation 390 All words are assumed to carry meaning 391 Interpretation with reference to other parts of the legislation 392 Consistent use of words is assumed 399 Express mention of something may draw attention to the intended absence of something else 399 General provisions do not override specific provisions 401 Interpretation legislation 401 Dictionaries may be consulted 402 Words should be interpreted in accordance with their current meaning 402 Provisions may be interpreted with reference to other legislation 403 Provisions may be interpreted with reference to the audience 405 Provisions may be interpreted with reference to prior or existing law 406 Chapter 13: Presumptions Used in the Interpretation of Legislation 413 Introduction 415 Summary of principles 415 Presumptions of interpretation and a common law Bill of Rights 416 Presumption that Parliament does not interfere with common law rights 419 Presumption that statutes do not operate retrospectively 424 Presumption that Parliament does not abrogate the privilege against self-incrimination 427 Presumption that Parliament does not abrogate legal professional privilege 428 Presumption that Parliament does not deprive people of access to the courts 429 Presumption that penal provisions are construed strictly and beneficial provisions construed broadly 429 .d Presumption that property rights are not taken away without compensation 430 e vre Presumption that re-enactment constitutes approval of previous judicial interpretation 432 se r sth Presumption that legislation does not bind the Crown 434 g ir llA Presumption that legislation does not have extraterritorial effect 435 .sh Presumption that Parliament intends to legislate in conformity with international law 436 tro w re ttuB Chapter 14: Statutory Obligations and Discretions 441 sixe N Introduction 443 sixe L Summary of principles 443 .0 2 02 How to determine whether a provision is obligatory or discretionary 444 © th How to determine whether breach produces invalidity 448 g iryp o C Chapter 15: Applying Legislation to Complex Problems 455 Introduction 457 viii Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:27:08. CONTENTS Practical guide to interpretation of legislation 457 Interpreting the Wild Dog Destruction Act: question and answer 458 Part 4: Legal Research 465 Chapter 16: Legal Research — Approaches and Steps 467 Introduction 469 Why legal research skills are important 469 Goals and constraints 470 Strategic approach to legal research 471 Finding sources of legal information 478 Legal research exercises 479 Chapter 17: Searching for Secondary Sources 485 Introduction 487 Strategies and steps 487 Online legal research 488 Textbooks 495 Legal dictionaries 495 Legal encyclopedias 496 Journal articles 498 Other sources of commentary 501 Chapter 18: Searching for Case Law 505 Introduction 508 Researching case law: key tasks 508 Researching case law: how to perform the key tasks 512 .d evre Finding case law on a particular subject: principal research tools 513 ser sth Finding case citations 517 gir llA Finding full - text judgments 518 .sh Finding judicial consideration of cases 519 tro Finding cases referring to specific legislation 520 w re ttu Finding cases defining legal words and phrases 520 B sixe Finding case notes 521 N sixe Guide to using CaseBase 521 L .0 Guide to using FirstPoint 522 2 0 2 © thg Chapter 19: Searching for Legislation 525 iryp o C Introduction 527 Acts and delegated legislation 528 Finding known Acts and delegated legislation 528 ix Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:27:08. LAYING DOWN THE LAW Tracking the history of Acts and delegated legislation 531 How to use the Federal Register of Legislation 531 Finding legislation by topic 533 Finding judicial consideration of legislation 534 Finding commentary about legislation 535 Finding extrinsic materials 535 How to use the Parliament of Australia: Bills and Legislation website (F) 537 Part 5: Legal Writing, Study and Exam Skills 541 Chapter 20: Legal Writing 543 Introduction 545 General principles of good legal writing 547 Specific principles of good legal writing 552 Writing conventions 557 Legal essay writing 560 Chapter 21: Referencing and Citation 565 Introduction 568 Conventions in legal citation 569 What sources should be referenced and when? 569 Subsequent references 571 Citing cases 572 Citing statutes 578 Citing books 581 Citing legal journals 582 Citing newspapers, magazines and non-legal periodicals 583 .de Citing material from the internet 584 vre s Citing parliamentary and government material 584 e r sth Citing foreign material 585 g ir llA .shtro Chapter 22: Study and Exam Skills 587 w re ttu Introduction 589 B sixe What are study skills? 590 N sixe Organising study time 590 L .0 Reading efficiently 591 2 0 2 © Taking notes and making the most of lectures 591 th giryp Participating in seminars and tutorials 592 oC Engaging outside of the classroom 593 Finding the right study methods 594 Critical thinking 595 x Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:27:08. CONTENTS What are exam skills? 597 Exam preparation 597 In the examination 601 Part 6: The Essential Legal Toolkit 607 A. Court Hierarchies 609 Federal hierarchy 609 State courts and tribunals 612 Territory courts and tribunals 616 British courts and tribunals 617 Canadian courts and tribunals 618 New Zealand courts and tribunals 619 US courts and tribunals 620 B. Abbreviations of Commonly Used Law Reports 622 C. A Guide to Law Reports of Courts 625 Australian report series 625 English report series 628 Canadian report series 629 New Zealand report series 629 United States report series 630 International report series 630 D. Common Legal Abbreviations 631 .d e vre E. Commonly Misspelt or Misused Words 635 se r sth g ir llA F. Glossary 636 .sh tro w re ttuB Index 643 sixe N sixe L .0 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C xi Creyke, Robin, et al. Laying down the Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/monash/detail.action?docID=6413182. Created from monash on 2021-02-01 22:27:08. Preface The year 2020 marks the 35th year since the first publication of Laying Down the Law, now in its 11th edition. The longevity of this introductory law text is testament to a number of its features. Primary among these is the understanding its readers gain of the legal system in Australia. The law is a pillar of a civilised society; it shapes and is shaped by the society in which it operates and is, in turn, a product of its history and its institutions. In Australia, that inheritance comprised a common law legal system and a democratic and parliamentary system of government. The inherited law and those political and legal institutions, developed over a millennium, needed adaptation to this land, some 20,000 kilometres from the model of law and government in 18th-century Britain. Laying Down the Law charts the evolution of those changes since European settlement and the gradual reconciliation of that introduced system with the existing legal and cultural systems of Australia’s indigenous peoples. From these beginnings emerged a federal system of parliaments and executive government to make laws, the establishment of a multi-tiered system of courts and tribunals to interpret and apply those laws, and a complex and sophisticated regulatory system to develop standards and maintain a watchful eye over the operations of its institutions. Laying Down the Law provides a succinct account of that history and of those institutions. From its inception, the text has taken account of the need to efficiently introduce students of law to the knowledge and the skills needed to navigate their legal studies. This involves inculcating key substantive and procedural principles of the common law system, (cid:4)(cid:31) such as the doctrine of precedent which ensures consistency within the hierarchy of = (cid:48)I=(cid:45)= Australian courts, and to the processes that protect the less advantaged within the criminal I(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:46)(cid:35) justice system. The text also includes exercises to enable students to test their knowledge ? AI(cid:1)CC. and to practise the skills they are taught. (cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:45)(cid:35) The law’s edicts are imposed through words. The meanings of words are not (cid:46)I(cid:41)N immutable and change with context and as societies change. For this reason, Laying Down I= (cid:46)(cid:46)L the Law gives prominence to the principles developed by courts and tribunals for the / (cid:1)(cid:45)A(cid:50)= interpretation of words encountered in legislation and other documents. A student of law (cid:24) (cid:45)A(cid:50)= needs to understand this background and appreciate that subtlety of language in order to 4 (cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:6) choose an appropriate meaning in the context of the legal problem they face. (cid:8) (cid:6) (cid:8) Elucidating meaning and understanding context entails good research skills. The (cid:1)Q (cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:35) text is fortunate to have among its authors professional librarians trained to share those ? AIP(cid:42) skills. In particular, Patrick O’Mara contributed the research chapters which are a feature (cid:41) 0 of the text, with the invaluable assistance of Lesley Adukonu, Law Liaison Librarian at the Australian Catholic University. xiii 0I=PB=(cid:2)(cid:1)8(cid:41):AE(cid:2)(cid:1)=(cid:46)(cid:1)(cid:28)C(cid:4)(cid:1)4(cid:28)PAE?(cid:1)(cid:31)(cid:41)NE(cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:35)=(cid:1)4(cid:28)N(cid:2)(cid:1)4=(cid:50)A(cid:45)(cid:24)=(cid:50)A(cid:45)(cid:1)/L(cid:46)(cid:46)=IN(cid:41)I(cid:46)(cid:35)(cid:45)(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:1)6I(cid:41)7L=(cid:45)(cid:46)(cid:1)2:(cid:41)(cid:41)B(cid:1)0=E(cid:46)I(cid:28)C(cid:2)(cid:1)(cid:35)(cid:46)(cid:46)(cid:42)(cid:14)(cid:5)(cid:5)=:(cid:41)(cid:41)B(cid:30)=E(cid:46)I(cid:28)C(cid:4)(cid:42)I(cid:41)(cid:43)L=(cid:45)(cid:46)(cid:4)(cid:30)(cid:41)D(cid:5)CA:(cid:5)D(cid:41)E(cid:28)(cid:45)(cid:35)(cid:5)(cid:31)=(cid:46)(cid:28)AC(cid:4)(cid:28)(cid:30)(cid:46)A(cid:41)E-(cid:31)(cid:41)(cid:30)31,(cid:11)(cid:10)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:4) 0I=(cid:28)(cid:46)=(cid:31)(cid:1)(cid:33)I(cid:41)D(cid:1)D(cid:41)E(cid:28)(cid:45)(cid:35)(cid:1)(cid:41)E(cid:1)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:7) (cid:6)(cid:8) (cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:8)(cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:8)(cid:12)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:11)(cid:4) LAYING DOWN THE LAW Other features contributing to the value of this text are the continuing support and enthusiasm shown by those involved in its production. That support has been maintained during the decades by its publisher, LexisNexis, from its long-standing and dedicated commissioning editor, Jocelyn Holmes, and the skilful editing and insightful suggestions for improvement by its editor, Linda Nix. Together with the input of the authors, they ensure that Laying Down the Law accurately represents current law, and remains relevant to the law as it applies within Australia. This edition marks another milestone with the departure of Robin Creyke, the only remaining author from those involved in the first and earlier editions. Under the able and enthusiastic input of the authorial team, the text will continue to instil those skills and understandings of the law that will provide guidance to its readers during their law studies and thereafter, whether they join the legal profession or find other callings or occupations. We trust that gaining this knowledge and skills will develop our readers’ judgement, and enable them to become contributing and valued members of the society in which they live. Robin Creyke David Hamer Patrick O’Mara Belinda Smith Tristan Taylor (cid:4)(cid:31) = (cid:48)I= (cid:45)= I(cid:1)(cid:45)(cid:46)(cid:35) ? AI(cid:1)CC. (cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:45)(cid:35) (cid:46)I(cid:41) N I= (cid:46)(cid:46)L / (cid:1)(cid:45)A(cid:50)= (cid:24) (cid:45)A(cid:50)= 4 (cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:6) (cid:8) (cid:6) (cid:8) (cid:1)Q (cid:1)(cid:46)(cid:35) ? 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