Law and Politics in Ocean Governance: The Fish Stocks Agreement of 1995 and Regional Fisheries Management Regimes (Publications on Ocean Development, 52) PDF
Preview Law and Politics in Ocean Governance: The Fish Stocks Agreement of 1995 and Regional Fisheries Management Regimes (Publications on Ocean Development, 52)
LAW AND POLITICS IN OCEAN GOVERNANCE Publications on Ocean Development Volume 52 A Series of Studies on the International, Legal, Institutional and Policy Aspects of Ocean Development General Editor: Vaughan Lowe Chichele Professor of Public International Law and Fellow of AllSouls College, Oxford University The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Law and Politics in Ocean Governance The UN Fish Stocks Agreement and Regional Fisheries Management Regimes TORE HENRIKSEN, GEIR HØNNELAND AND ARE SYDNES MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS LEIDEN / BOSTON A C.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN 90 04 14968 6 © 2006 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. <http://www.brill.nl> All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill Academic Publishers provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. Printed and bound in The Netherlands. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations xi ListofIllustrations xiii TheAuthors xv PartI Background Chapter1 Introduction 1 TheConceptofRegionalFisheriesManagementRegimes 2 TheChangingRoleofRegionalFisheriesManagement Regimes 3 QuestionstobeAsked,CasestobeReviewed 7 Chapter2 TheFishStocksAgreement 11 Introduction 11 AbouttheFishStocksAgreement 13 TheRightandObligationtoCooperate 15 AnObligationtoCooperate 15 ARighttoCooperate 18 MaterialPrinciplesforCooperation 22 PrecautionaryApproach 23 ProtectionofMarineBiodiversity 27 CompatibilitybetweenHighSeasConservationMeasures andCoastalStateConservationMeasures 30 ProceduralPrinciplesforCooperation 35 RFMO/As:OrganizationandDecision-makingProcesses 36 Transparency 40 AllocationofFishingOpportunities 41 AllocationCriteria 42 Compliance,EnforcementandDisputeSettlement 45 vi CONTENTS StrengtheningFlagStateResponsibilities 45 InternationalCooperationonComplianceand Enforcement 46 DisputeSettlement 53 Conclusions 56 PartII CaseStudies 61 Chapter3 TheNorthwestAtlanticFisheriesOrganization(NAFO) 63 Introduction 63 Structure 66 TheRightandObligationtoCooperate 67 Membership 67 Decision-makingProcedures 69 Transparency 72 MaterialPrinciples 73 General 73 PrecautionaryApproachandProtectionofMarine Biodiversity 74 ConsistencybetweenNAFOMeasuresandCoastalState Measures 80 AllocationofFishingRights 83 Control,EnforcementandCompliance 86 General 86 ControlandEnforcementinRespectofVessels 87 RFMO/AEnforcement 93 Conclusions 96 Appendix1:StocksmanagedthroughNAFO 97 Straddlingfishstocks 97 Discretehighseasfishstocks 97 Chapter4 TheNorth-eastAtlanticFisheriesCommission(NEAFC) 99 Introduction 99 BackgroundandStructure 99 TheRightandObligationtoCooperate 102 Membership 102 Decision-makingProcedures 104 CONTENTS vii Transparency 108 MaterialPrinciples 110 ImplementationofNewPrinciplesofConservation 110 ConsistencybetweentheNEAFCMeasuresandCoastal StateMeasures 118 AllocationofFishingRights 120 Control,EnforcementandCompliance 122 ControlandEnforcementinRespectofVessels 123 RFMO/AEnforcement 128 Conclusions 129 Chapter5 TheJointRussian–NorwegianFisheriesCommission 131 Introduction 131 TheFisheriesinQuestion 131 StructureandAllocationPrinciplesoftheRegime 134 MaterialPrinciples:Turningto‘Precaution’ 135 ProceduralPrinciples: TransparencyandStakeholder Participation 139 ProvisionsforComplianceandEnforcement 144 Conclusions 146 Chapter6 TheSouthEastAtlanticFisheriesOrganization(SEAFO) 149 Introduction 149 TheFisheriesandtheConventionArea 150 TheSEAFOProcess 152 TheSEAFOConvention 154 Membership 154 PrinciplesofConservation,ManagementandAllocation 156 Decision-making 158 TheComplianceandEnforcement‘System’ 159 OrganizationalStructure 160 MovingSEAFOFromPapertoPractice 161 TheInterimArrangement—ProceduresAwaiting Practice 161 TheFirstMeetingoftheSEAFOCommission— TheLongandWindingRoadtoSwakopmund 163 viii CONTENTS TheFutureofSEAFO:WhoNeedsIt? 164 Appendix1 165 Drafttextsandprotocols 165 Appendix2 167 TimelineforthenegotiationoftheSEAFOConvention 167 Chapter7 TheWesternandCentralPacificFisheriesCommission (WCPFC) 169 Introduction 169 TheFisheriesandConventionArea 170 Negotiations1994–2000 173 TheConventionMembership:TheRightandDutyto Cooperate 175 PrinciplesofConservationandManagement 178 AllocationofQuotasorFishingEffort 180 Decision-makingProcedures 182 ComplianceandEnforcement 184 ThePreparatoryConference(2001–2004) 186 InauguralSession 188 Conclusions 189 Appendix 191 ReportsandresolutionsoftheMHLCprocess 191 PartIII Conclusions 193 Chapter8 ThePoliticsofApplyingInternationalLawinRegional FisheriesManagementRegimes 195 CasesCompared:ScopesofCooperation 195 MembershipandCooperationwith Non-Contracting Parties 197 ApplyingthePrecautionaryApproach 200 Decision-MakingProceduresandTransparency 204 ComplianceandEnforcement 208 Conclusion 210 Bibliography 213 Index 219 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to extend our thanks to everyone who has assisted us in the preparationofthisbook.AlfHåkonHoelhasgivendetailedcommentstothe entire manuscript.Individual chapters have, inaddition, been commented on byRobin Churchill, ErikFranckx, Anne-KristinJørgensen and OlavSchram Stokke. We are grateful to the team that assisted us in the production of the manuscript with language improvement, copy-editing, bibliographic re- search,layoutandmaps:SusanHøivik,KariLorentzen,MaryanneRyggand Claes Lykke Ragnar. Our thanks also to Annebeth Rosenboom and Nienke van Schaverbeke at Martinus Nijhoff Publishers for their patience and assistance. Are Sydnes’ contribution has been funded by the Norwegian Reseach CouncilunderGrantNo.152370/110. Cambridge,LysakerandTromsø, ToreHenriksen GeirHønneland AreSydnes
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