Lavoisier in Italia. La comunitá scientifica italiana e la rivoluzione chimica

417 Pages·2002·15.588 MB·Italian

by  Raffaella Seligardi

BIBLIOTEDCIA
STORIA DELLA
Dirt'ltadaPado Rass ieW!IterBerrclrni Vol.46
Già bibli:lttta drlla •Rdivisroriai slddar � j·. � iclr � naturali•
RAFF AELLSAE LIGARDI
LAVOISIIENRI TALIA
LAC OMUNITSÀC IENTIFIITCAAL IANA
EL AR IVOLUZICOHNIEM ICA
FIRENZE
LEO S.O LSCKHI EDITORE
MMII
5105 4
ISB8N8 2 22
Allam ifaa miglia

INTRODUZIONE
Pure: ioc recdhoe po ssa tema
si asserire senza
d'iannnog,c he maggiored ifcfioldticà h i
assai
tessela S todiri aun P opolion,c ocnotlcriuih sie
ponea sc rivelraSe t odriuia n qau alche
Scienza:
poicheélla n ohna lim itael cundio t empo [.. .] :
nohn ascd ta dim atecriao;m prendeegualn­do
mentief aptitmùiem orabecil eirt cih,ge lie rro­
rii mportantiel, et espii soùl iedv ee ritciheere ,
liepo tesrumio rosee,b rillanti:n ohna fin almen­
tec onfined il uo[g. .o. )
Orpe rv enaip raert icoiolc arir,ec dhofe r ruat ·
tel esci enze ruoruralal ic himisciaqua e lla la
quaolffera l em aggioridif ficolatben à tesserne
lSa to[r... )i* a
I dbuiec entdeenllaparu ib blicazdidoT nrea iétléé mentdea cihriem ie
diL avoi(s17i89e1-r9 98)e d ellmao rtdee lsltoes sLoav oi(s71i9e4-r919 4)
hannfoo rnitaog slit orli'coaics ciopneerr i penrsiavrael,eu c toamrper en­
dermee glilis oi gnificatod ellrai voluczihoimincea d eel l'odpdce himria­
cof rances1e .
Seg ià maelltadà e ganlnii ' 8il0di battivteort esvuarl a ppotrtroca h i­
miceafi sinceal l'odpiLe arvao irs,ni2de1 988 nilu mermoo nografidcio
*S TEFANOG AU.INI, in«G iornapelrese rvire allsat orraigiao ndaetlmale ad icdiniqa u esto
secolvoo�1l.2. p, art efi si1c7a99,p, p7.7 -78.
1 B.B ENSAUDE-VrnCENT, Histocoryn /ronmtesm oSryo.m reefle ctioonLln vosi sie-r's Centen­
niaalnBdi centiennPn .Arnia alt,d iS anF ili(pacupo r ad iA)t,dt eiVIl C onveNganzoi odnia le
StoeriaF onddmeden/t14Ci h imtReaom,a A,c cadeNmiaaz iodneall.Scil eenzee detdteaXLi ,
1995p, p2.3 3-244.
2H .G UEJU.Ac, Chemiassatb ryr anoc/h p h-yLaspi/4ccseco:'lla sbo ratwziotLanhvo ùieri,n
�Historicsaruld iines t hpeh ysical vsoc7li,1.en 9 7cp6es,p�1 ..9 3-2E7.6M;MEuwxl. , Chemi­
stPryh-y,s iacsn,td h ceh emrirocoalolun it,n«li sivso�7l.6. n,' 2 821,9 8p5p,1 .9 5-2A1.Do1 ;N O·
VANLa,vo isaiernt dh oert gio/nm so dem chemiins «<stiris>ory,, v o4l,1. 9 8p8,p2 .1 4-2C3.1E;.
PE:RltrN ,C hemisataspry e oer/p hysair cess:pt oDon oun avnaa dn M elhoandLA ov otSiin«ln- s,i s»,
vo8l1.n, ' 3 071,990 ,p p2.5 9-2A7.Do0 ;N OVALaNv,o ùasi cheer mùatnedxp mmenpth-yasli cist:
ar "{Jlty o nPibidem,er rt,p p2.7 0-2E7.M2 .;MEuwxl , On thheù toriogo/rsacipehnaryc ep el:ly o
Perrtni,b tdepmp2,.7 3-2S7iv6 e.d anac hFe. LH.o LMES, Th'eR evoluitnCt hoenm ùatnryPd h-y -
- 5-
INTRODUZIONE
Osiricsu,r adtaArtho u r Donovaès nt,a iltp or imod iu nas erdiive o lumi
collettcahnehe ain naoff rontla'ptoeor dae lc himicfor ancneeslse u o
conteesn tesoiu ovia rais pie3.t N te1l9 9/39s4o nuos cibteent rbei ogra­
fied iL avoisei,seu rc4c essivasmoensnott aet,i organizzati numerosi con­
vegcnie lebraantcihnveein l,o stpraoe sdee,qi u asloin sot aptuib blicati
glaitti .
Daq uesetnao rmmoel dei l avo(rbsiait v edelrabe i bliogcruarfiaat a
daP atrBircee'te )mergono alccuonmeu nIlli din.ie bea tstièis tpoo stato
sullnaa tudreall cao siddreitvtoal uczhimiiocnaeAl. c unaiu tonrehi a nno
sottolilinc eaartaot dtide irsec nounitftiaàc,e nddiLo a voilsn'iiiezri atore
delclhaimi cam oderna;a ltirniv ehcaen nion sisstuiclto on temsot­o,
6
stracnodmoae n chLea voifsoisefsrre u tetdeo r eddeell tar adizcihoin­e
micsavl iuppatsaospir,a titnuF trtanoc ia, dilu croanrtsdeoi t utilt o
XVIII secoels oo,t tolinie andsou oi nedcieo bniftrido inq tuie sttraa di­
zioncehv,ee dleac himiacffae rmacrosmdiei sciapultinoan oem moad er­
naa p artirdeaS ta7h l.
Una ltro imppuonrttanot eem erso sdtaudigdi lq iu esutlit iamninè i il
ruodleoci o llabodriLa atvooriigs lisiet ro:rh iancniod efmitivsafmae-nte
siaOv'm hrow aoR /e zgnPianragd o1rCg omm petllù;n CobnettweemepRnoe rsaeryaP rroc�h
gramisn«> <,s isv»o,l9 1., 0020,P P�7 35�753.
'A .Do novan( a cduirT)ah, ce h eCJmJriIev oluEtsisoiannyr. se interp«<sriertisa»vt,oi lo.n ,
4,1 988W;. BJ.en sen( ac urdai, ) Lzvoisaidnert hceh emrievcaoll u«tBulileotinn f,o trh Hei story
ofC hernistry»v,o 5l,.1 9 89T;h ceh emrievocallu tcoinotnea:xdn pt r ac«t TihceEe isgh,t<e nctenh�
turyTh.eo ry andi nterprevtoa3lt3 .i,n o o 3n ,»1 ,99 M2;.G oup(iacl u rda)i Lz,v omeertla r évo­
lutcihoinm iAqdeu dseu c. o lloqtueedn l uoc' ca sidoubn i centdeelan p auibrùec dautT riaioténél é­
mentairdeec him1i7e8 P9a,ri Ssa,b i1x99,2 ;S eminianntòern aziopneria blleù: entednealnlaò
scompadr1As nat oLziunree Lznvto is(i1er7 43�R1o7m92a40,o) u,o b1r9e9« 4Re,n dicodnetllia
AccadeNmaziioan aled ellsec iedneztteda e XLi, Memordii sec iefnizseie cn haet ursaelriVie», ,
volXVIl.l ,p artIeI 1,99 4( 199D5)é;b aettcs h anatciteuareuslt dso eu rLz voemdte elar r évolu�
ticohni miq«u.Revuee,d 'hisdtesos icriee nvcoes4l)lo8.,1, 99 5;C .De meulenaere-Do(uacuy rèar e
di,I) yl 2a00 a nLzsv omerA.c tdeucos l /oqu• oràgl a'nociscaéds ubi ù:oenn tednelaa miorrei
d'AntLzouirneeLzn vto isilee rm8,a 1i7 9P4a.n e·tBs lo i3s-,m6 a 1l9 9P4a,ri s�London�New
YorkT,ec & Doc1,99 5;M .l zquieirA dyom eriectha ll.ac urda)i Lz,v oisiei loesnr g ednelas
quimmiocdaern a2,0a 0n ydse sprés (B1a7r9c4d�oS1no9ac9,i 4eCt)aat,tal anda' Histdòelr ai a
Ciènciid aela T èmica1,99 6.
4 A.Do NOVAANn,t olAivnoei siera:d mSicniiesantncrrdeaevo, ti iuotCniam obnr,i dge, Uni­
versiPtresys ,199 3;] .PP.o iRIER,A ntoine�dLzeuLz rveonits1 i7e4r3,� P1a7r9iP4sy,,g malion,
GérasWda tel1e993t;B, .B ENSAUDE-VINCLzEvNTo,is iMeré.m odl'ruern éveo luPtairioFsnl,am, �
mario1n99,4 .
'P.B RETTro,i dsée cnndi'eést lauvdeosi siSeunpnpeiréa.mu bexzn blli ogrdeaD puhvieeern ,
in& vue d'histdoesis rciee ncveso»4l,8. 1, 9 95p,p1 .69 -205.
6In particolAabrberBe,ir ,et ta,Croslan d, Donovane M elhado.
7 Inp articolGareo,u ghH,o lmeesS iegfUrniaeJXJ"S di.zi one intermè readpipar esednat ata
Perrin.
- 6-
INTRODUZIONE
tatilom ito gdedn isoo litario,c ommomeso tlrtdaneedl osl uere i cerche,
en ons olloap ubblicadzeilMolénate h oded en omenclatcuhriem iqfuue­,
ronfor utdit uon ain tencsoal laborcaoznpi eornseo ncaogmgeAi d et,
BertholleBtu,c qu,F eoturcGruoytyo,dn e M orvea,Hu assenfLraaptlza,­
ceM,e usniMeorn,ge eS eguin.
Un terpzuon troi gual8reb d iao graefiseste:e ndoan moo strglia re
aspetmtein on otdie llvai tdaiL avoisiinpe arrt,i collesa uraee t tiivni tà
camppoo litfiniacnoz,i aera imom inistractii vroes,t icthauet is uctotnoo
tondilpo e rsonaIngoglitoèrs. et ,a sttau dpiiaaùtf ao ndloaf igudir Maa ­
damLea voiseiveird,en ziila runodlodoni ec ollaboarp aiterntioic teo lo
ddm airot.9
Infine, edè pilu ntcohp ei cùii n terneesglisu al,t imain nsièi d atpaa r­
ticolare rilevanza anluloav cadh iimiffucasal i doifn ueo drdeiel lllaa
Franccioanu, n as erdii sea gsgpie cifipceiqr u aosgnii p aeesuer op,m eao
anchpeeg rl Sit aUtnii etp ie lr' mAeriLcaaint a1.0Q uesntuio vsit udi sono
'E.M cDoNALD ,T hcoe/ LzboraBtuicqounae nloLad /vo isiiern«Am, b OO.,v ol1.3n ,°2 ,
al% n�Las-v 66,op ùp7ici.4ert. -p,;,R8 p 53H.�AHN6 -,3M La;.voGo UPIùI.i,eer Cts la ecous/dLa Lzeubo ùBr eartuteunéhrecoqos //au/:bai/ oupelr etra ,eat tcovineu na Irlttl i,y2n 00uaa l eur
(?d)eLa voùieri,nLa voiseillaer r évolucthiiomntqc uiept,.p3 ,.� � -4R; T ATON,L 'oedeu vre
Mogn�e nch imiseaco, l ltJboreastte riseo nla taivolAenvcso isiiberi,dep pm.,5 -90P;.B El..lN,U n
co1/79lai3bb)otd,rde ap'pmt.A2,eu n6 r3tLa -ouM2ir.9nCeLa 4eRnvO; lSo U.ùNàiLaDl,e v' roH iodesIot i/nee'gerlrAe s ,ne oiJnr'uea csalBahd n:pe' t�oféw/e Mce'euT ?hslen e i(ser1l 7i5m4o-ny
o/F ourcroy1,b 1dppe.m 1,- 1]2.P;Po .iRIER ,La contribdu'tAwrmnaS nedg u(i1n7 67-a1u8x3 5)
progrtJmdem reesc herdecù hveo isiinPe .r ,B retd )iO(,ae ucvdeur LArevoast SiCoer".e rpondan­
ce6.,1 789-P1a7r9Bi1ls,an, c ha19r97dA,,n neVIxIIe,p p4.2 7-436.
'C.EI'Eiu.uN , ThLaevo ùier-Bcoulcqlaubeotr aac toù;nnj:e icn«At mubriex,v» o,3l 6.p, a rt
l,1 899p,p 5.-1 3W;. AS.MEA TON,M onsieeMtua rdd mLaevo ùiiern 1 78t9h:ceh emrievcao/l u­
tù;ann d Ftrheenr cevho lutiù;n<n <Am,b ix», pvarto ll1.,8 9 93p,6p ,1. - I4n;.M, a ddmLaevo ùier,
P.aSnd.E .I.D uP ondteN emoaudnrt shp eu bl.eaot/Lai voonm 'Meérm'osid reces hi miien«A, m ­
bixv»o,3l 6., lp1,a89 rt9 p,p 2.2 -M3.0G ;oUPI I.,M addmLaev oùiienMr .G, o up(ial cudr)ia,
OeuvrdeeLas vo aierC.o rrespo5ndd.1n7 c8e7,- P1a7r8Bi8ls,an, c ha1r99d3An,,n exIVe, p p.
27-32;7Y �.N oELC, ommenstua/ried rsee s sdieMn asdd mLaev où(1p'er/a ncIIheIelI s V i)n,P .
Bret( cuar ad) iO,e uVTdeeLas v où.iC erorrespo6n1.dd7 n8c9e-,c1 ti7.A 9n,1n ,eV! xIle, p p4.3 7-
43n8o;ti zsiuMe a dameL avoisstiir eorvan ancoh ienM .B ERETIA,LA voislai reirvo:lo uncxehi i­
micMail,an oL,eS cie(nLzeSe c ie-nglzr eandi sdceilenlanzana oI, n, o 3) , ma1gg998ie,on elle
biogrdaiDofi neo vaneP oirier.
10 B.Be nsaudec-en-VtFiAn.b b(riac urdia) Lz,vo isiiener u ropean nceognotteaix att:i ng
newid ngua/goecr h emiCsatnryt(,oMA n) S,c ienHciset oPurbyl icalt UiSoAn1,s99 �t:r adnia
ItaliMaes,si cPoo,rt ogaSlcloozI,in ag,hi ltBeelrgriSaov,,e zPiao,l oSnpiagnaa,O, l anPd.Aa CE;·
VES, L'enseiegtln'eampepnldtiela ca ntoivuoenlc lhei amiuMe e xiqauuet emdpeLAs v oisini er,
•Revued 'hisdtesso ciireen vco.esl »4,8 , 11929133�-2.D: . Dpluvp.EEN. -H.SKu.cK STEIN, The
introducLwotiisoiner c'hosem/ i ncoamle ncilantAtumore en i·n«lCtJ s,i vso»4l,5. 1, 59 4p,p 2.7 8-
29p2;p3 .68 -3R8 2G;A Go.L-. CJ ARRll.l.o,A bib/iogrsatpuohd/tiyhc reae /c epo/tLa ivooisni er's
woriknS paAmdd.e nlddo B At bliobyg DruavpehaeynnK d / ichitn«Ae mibni,x v»o,2l 7.n, ol ,
1890p,p 1.9 ·R2 G�A;GO ,T hneew c hemiisnSt pryain i «<sniri,S» , vo4l,1. 8 98p,p 1.6 199-R2 ;
HALLEUX,LA révolalvuotiisoeinneB nenleg iqinuLA evo,ii ieertla rlrouohcòhni micqi.upt,ep ,.
7
- -