Laughing Lungs PDF
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Lungs and the respiratory system By Charlie Ogden Designed by Danielle Jones ©2018 Written by: Book Life Charlie Ogden King's Lynn Norfolk PE30 4LS Edited by: Mike Clark Lungs ISBN: 978-1-78637-172-0 Designed by: All rights reserved Danielle Jones Printed in Malaysia A catalogue record for this book and the respiratory system is available from the British Library Page 4 The Human Body Page 6 The Respiratory System Words that look Page 8 Required to Respire like this are explained in the Page 10 A Matter of Life and Breath glossary on page Page 12 31. Deep in the Diaphragm Page 14 Breathe Down Your Neck Page 16 Laughing Lungs Page 20 From the Heart Page 22 Hi, I’m Dr. Anna Ready, Set, Breathe Stetick. Follow me Page 24 Save Your Voice to start your journey through the respiratory Page 26 Save Your Breath system! Page 28 Respiration Information Page 30 Test in Your Chest Page 31 Glossary Page 32 Index Photo Credits Abbreviations: l-left, r-right, b-bottom, t-top, c-centre, m-middle. 10 – Darren Brode. 11ml – YuryImaging 11br – 3445128471. 13 – Gregory Johnston. 18 – Max Topchii. 22 – Duplass. 23l,m&r – TinnaPong 25t – Warut Chinsai 25b – wavebreakmedia. 26 – Arvind Balaraman. Images are courtesy of Shutterstock.com. With thanks to Getty Images, Thinkstock Photo and iStockphoto. The SySTemS Of The BODy The first thing that you need to Each system of the body has know about the body is that it uses its own important job to do, systems. The systems of the body such as stopping the body are made up of groups of organs from getting sick or helping to that work together. keep the body strong. BODy There are lots of different systems in the body, but some are more important than others. Four of the most important systems in the body are: The human body is very complicated. The body is full of organs, bones, The The muscles and blood and all of these parts are wrapped up in a thin layer of Circulatory Respiratory skin. Because of this, finding your way System System around the human body can be very difficult and dangerous if you don’t have a guide. But lucky for you, I am here – so let our journey begin! There are over 7 5 o r g a n s in the HuMAN BODY! The The Nervous Digestive System System 4 5 The A BReATh Of fReSh AIR SySTem The main job of the respiratory system is to get oxygen out of the air so that it can be used by the body. There is no other way for oxygen to get There are a few basic things that The body can survive for three into the human body, meaning that you could not the human body needs to survive. weeks without food and for three survive without your respiratory system! These include food, water and, days without water, but it would most importantly, oxygen! Oxygen barely last three minutes without 1% Argon + is one of the gases that makes up oxygen. The respiratory system is the Water Vapour the air that we breathe. group of muscles and organs in the 5% Carbon body that allow you to breathe and 16% Dioxide take in oxygen from the air. Oxygen Days Carbon dioxide is another gas. Carbon dioxide is in the air and it is made by minutes our bodies. However, carbon dioxide can’t be used by the Weeks body. Because of this, carbon 1% Argon + Carbon dioxide is known as a waste 21% TheRe'S SOmeThING Dioxide + Water gas. Oxygen Vapour IN The AIR... The second job of the respiratory system is to get rid of the carbon The body gets the oxygen that it dioxide gas that builds up in the needs from the air. However, the air body. When you breathe out, carbon hasn’t only got oxygen in it. In fact, 78% dioxide from the body gets released into Nitrogen most of the air around us is made up the air. of nitrogen gas, but our bodies do not need this gas to survive. We breathe out more carbon dioxide than we breathe in. This diagram shows This is because the body all the different gases produces carbon dioxide as it 78% that make up the air. uses up oxygen. Nitrogen 6 7 ORGAN-ISATION left lung is The ReQUIReD always srliigghthlyt s mlaullnerg . than the This is to make ExTRA to Nasal SPACE for the HEART to Cavity fit into the chest. Oxygen is very important for the As the body uses up oxygen, body. It helps to give it energy. it produces the waste gas carbon Oxygen is used by every organ and dioxide. Too much carbon dioxide muscle in the body. This means that can be dangerous, even deadly. This Oral Cavity without oxygen, no part of the body is why it is so important that the body would be able to carry on doing its uses the respiratory system to get rid Bronchus job. of it. With each breath you take, you are taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. OXyGeN IN Alveoli CARBON DIOXIDe OUT The respiratory system has lots need help from a lot of different of different parts to it. The main organs and muscles in order to do organs in the respiratory system their job. Without the other parts are the lungs. However, while the of the respiratory system, the lungs lungs are very important, they would be useless. Another part of the body that is important to the respiratory system, but which isn’t an BRWEhAeTnlH yu ofuon rhg aos lldo snytgao ruttir mt oe , oofr gbaonn, eiss tthhaet rhibe lcpasg teo. pTrhoitse cist tah ceo llulencgtsio ann d yHytohoucuau taRrn ieTrse .bb dTu othiolnibd sgli oinedsotg idb roui.edpcx aoiiunfd s tyeheo e u r hrieba crta gfreo amls doa hmelapg ew. iTthh eb rmeautshcilnegs. around the 8 9 A Other parts of the human body do not work automatically. Instead, we mATTeR d have to make them do things ourselves. When people walk around, n a carry things or talk out loud, they decide to make these things happen of themselves. Breathing seems like a very simple The respiratory system is a little thing – we breathe in and we bit different from these other breathe out. We’ve been A person’s systems. A lot of the time, breathing bwalrele dawtaheyir,n eeg vb esoirrnync dea antyhd.e wH meo owbmreeveaentrht, e resatsrrpoein rbageteotswrty ew eshnye s2nte5 tm hae niyds itpsre uaresu otwonh’mse abntr ipecea. otThphilneisg a irrsae et essl peceehcpaiinanglgley s– aa the respiratory system is 30 years old. lot when they are sleeping, but they NON-AUTOmATIC actually very complicated and it never know about it. involves a lot of different organs and muscles. Most of the systems in the body work automatically. This means that the systems do their jobs without you having to think about it. For example, the heart pumps blood, the stomach digests food and the brain feels pain, all while you do absolutely nothing. When a person is sleeping, their breathing is automatic. Time Number of Breaths 1 Minute 16 1 Hour 960 However, there are other times 1 Day 23,000 AUTOmATIC when breathing is non-automatic. 1 Year 8,400,000 People can hold their breath if they want to and stop themselves from breathing. This is not something that you can do with your heartbeat. Very few systems in the body A baby’s first breath can be very can be both automatic and non- difficult as their lungs have to automatic, which makes the fill with air for the very first respiratory system very special. When a person blows time. Before this, a baby’s lungs out birthday candles, are filled with fluid. their breathing is non- automatic. 10 11 When the diaphragm is relaxed, it bends upwards and makes an umbrella shape. When it contracts, DeeP In The however, the centre of the diaphragm gets pulled down. This increases the size of the chest cavity and makes air rush into the lungs. Even though the lungs are the most important part of the respiratory When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs can spring back to system, they do not actually help with breathing. The lungs do not suck their normal size. This pushes air back out of the lungs. air into the body or push it out again. Instead, this job is done by the diaphragm. When you force the air out of your lungs, like when blowing up a balloon, muscles inside The diaphragm is one of the most lungs and stretches all the way your ribcage contract. This makes the chest important muscles in the body. across the body. The diaphragm, cavity smaller and forces air out of the Not only does it help the body to being a muscle, can contract and lungs quickly. breathe, but it also separates the relax. When muscles contract, they abdomen from the chest cavity. This squeeze together and become tight, means that it separates the organs but when they relax, they become The diaphragm does the that mostly deal with digestion from loose and soft. same thing as pulling on the organs that mostly deal with this handle. It makes the respiration and blood circulation. chest bigger, which draws air into the lungs. The diaphragm sits just under the Look out for these signs. The pink section shows you where we are Contracted in the body! Relaxed Hiccoughs , or Hiccups , are caused by spasms in the DIAPHRAGM. The diaphragm SquEEzES together very quickly and this causes air to RuSH into the lungs. 12 13 e h D T R e A o your The nasal cavity and the other contains a mixture of other things B w n nasal airways are covered in lots of that help to protect the respiratory tiny hairs. They are also coated in system. Mucus in the respiratory a thin layer of sticky mucus. Mucus system is known as phlegm. is mostly made of water, but it also Although the hair and mucus in the nasal cavity have lots of jobs, their There are two main stages to diaphragm and the muscles in the main job is to filter the air that is breathed in through the nose. Small bits breathing; breathing in (which is chest contract, making the chest of dust, dirt and other things that float around in the air get trapped in the also called inhaling) and breathing cavity expand. This causes air to hairs and mucus in the nose. This stops them from getting into the lungs out (which is also called exhaling). rush in through the mouth and and causing damage. When the body inhales, the nose. The nasal cavity, oral cavity and trachea are all warm and AIR that is breathed in through the mouth does wet. This makes the air warm filtered . and moist as it travels to the not get lungs, which helps to make Because of this, it is The word ‘phlegm’ sure that the lungs do not dry better to BREATHE in sounds like ‘flem’. nose out. through the . t r ac H e a and YwlouedtunhHaorgte hus eae xRcirrea.T narTi scn wh sidvosih esemde r irnyiesyn ty.bCi cmoeOoucelLa dsuD s e 14 15 The lungs are very However, the lungs being spongy Lungs spongy and also has another purpose – it springy. This makes it so that there are more helps the lungs places where oxygen can be to stretch when air absorbed into the body. is inhaled and to return When air reaches the end of the trachea and is to their normal shape about to enter the lungs, it flows either into the The left when air is exhaled. right bronchus or the left bronchus. Air that flows lung only has into the right bronchus fills up the right lung and TWO lobes air that flows into the left bronchus fills up the because it is left lung. smaller than Right Bronchus Left Right Bronchus Lobes Left Lobes . Lungs need to be big enough to take in . lots of oxygen, but still small enough to fit inside the chest. Because of this, our lungs are squished up like springs. Alveoli Bronchi Diaphragm Imagine these two lines are the inside of Once the air is in the lungs, it moves your lungs. The blue dots show where through a complex system of bronchi oxygen is being absorbed into the lungs. and bronchioles. Tiny bronchioles As you can see, both lines can absorb spread to every part of the lungs, the same amount of oxygen, but line one meaning that each lung can entirely takes up a lot less space than line two. In fill up with air. This helps the body this example, line one is like the lungs – it to absorb as much oxygen from the takes in lots of oxygen but doesn’t take up air as possible. much space! 16 17 The air in the alveoli, however, is alveolus and the capillary very different. It has lots of oxygen both contain similar levels of ALVeOLI ACTION in it and much less carbon dioxide oxygen and carbon than the blood does. Because of dioxide. The blood The most important things in the this, carbon dioxide from the is now said to be lungs are probably the alveoli. blood goes into the alveolus oxygenated because it This is where oxygen is absorbed into and oxygen from the alveolus contains lots of oxygen. the body and carbon dioxide is goes into the blood. Now the Alveoli taken out of the body. Carbon Dioxide out Oxygen in Capillaries OXyGeNATeD BLOOD Alveoli can be found at the end of bronchioles and they are covered in tiny DeOXyGeNATeD BLOOD blood vessels known as capillaries. At the end of each bronchiole is one Think about holding the mouth of a blown-up balloon against the mouth alveolus. There are around 300 of a balloon that hasn’t been blown up. Imagine that you could hold them million alveoli in each lung and each together so perfectly that no air would escape. one is about 0.2 millimetres across. What do you think would happen? That’s 50 times smaller than a pea! The air would not all rush In the same way, all the oxygen from one balloon to the other. in the lungs doesn’t rush into the Inside each alveolus, oxygen from the body. This blood Instead, half of the air from the blood. Instead, it balances out so the air is swapped with carbon has lots of carbon first balloon would rush into the that both the blood and the air in dioxide from the blood. The blood dioxide in it and almost second balloon, meaning that both the alveolus have about the same in the capillaries around the alveoli no oxygen. This is the opposite of balloons would be blown up the amount of oxygen and carbon is not like the rest of the blood in what the body needs. same amount. dioxide. 18 19
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