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Latin Palaeography Antiquity and the Middle Ages BERNHARD BISCHOFF TRANSLA TED BY DAIBHI 0 CROININ AND DAVID GANZ PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE MEDIEVAL ACADEMY OF IRELAND TII£' righ' of ,he Ullivrrsi(I' of Cambridgc' '0 prill' ami sC'II all mal/lla of b()() .f u'u.r /!,rllllfrcl by /I"/lry VIII ill /534. Thr Ul/il'C'rs;',I' has pri/ltl'd amI pllblishC'c/ cOII,ill"o/lsl)' si//ce 1584. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge New York New Rochelle Melbourne Sydney Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, ;Cambridge CB2 IRP 32 East 57th Street, New York, NY 1 002 , USA IO Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Originally published in Berlin as Paliiographie des romischen Altertums und des abendliindischen Mittelalters by Erich Schmidt Verlag 1979; 2nd rev. ed. 1986 and (Q Erich Schmidt Verlag First published in English by Cambridge University Press 1990 as Latin Palaeography.' Antiquity and the Middle Ages English translation (Q Cambridge University Press 1990 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge British Libra1:y Cataloguing in Publication Data Bischoff, Bernhard Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages I. Palaeography to 15°0 I. Title II. (PaHiographie des romischen Altertums und des abendHindischen Mittclalters.) English , 4 1 7 .7 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Bischoff, Bernhard. [PaHiographie des romischen Altertums und des abendliindischen Mittelalters. English] Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages / Bernhard Bischoff ; translated by Daibhi 6Cl'oinin and David Ganz. p. em. Translation of: Palaographie des romischen Altertums und des abendlandischen Mittelalters. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. ISBN ° 521 36473 6. - ISBN 0 521 3 6 7 26 3 (pbk.) I. Paleography, Latin. 2. Manuscripts. Latin-History. 3. Manuscripts, Latin (Medieval and modern)-History. 4. Manuscripts, Medieval-l-Iistory. 5. Paleography. I. Title. Z114.B5713 19 8 9 4 1 7'.7- dc 19 88-34649 CIP ISBN ° '521 36473 6 hard covers ISBN ° 521 3 6 7 26 3 paperback SE t.v Contents List of abbreviations page vii Introduction I A. CODICOLOGY 5 I Writing materials and writing tools 7 I Papyrus 7 2 Parchment 8 3 Palimpsests II 4 Paper 12 5 Wax tablets 13 6 Other writing materials and other kinds of writing 14 7 Ink and colours 16 8 Writing instruments 18 II The external characteristics of the written heritage I The codex 20 2 Format 24 3 The layout of the page 27 4 Bindings 3 0 5 Rotuli and folded books 3 2 6 Tabulae 34 7 Charters and letters 34 III Writing and copying 3 8 Appendix: Forgeries 4 6 B. THE I-IISTORY OF LATIN SCRIPT 49 Preliminary remarks 51 I Latin script in antiquity 54 I Latin script S4 v 2 Capitalis 55 Contents 5 Uncial 66 3 Older Roman cursive 61 4 Later Roman cursive 63 76 T Lhea otldeerr (heaastlefrn-)u hnalcf-uiancli a7l 752 9 Tachygraphy 80 8 Combinations of various scripts 78 II Latin handwriting in the Middle Ages 83 I The latin script in Ireland 83 2 Anglo-Saxon script 9 0 35 V isBigotheic n(Moezavrabiec) nscritpta annd S in1ai s0crip t 99 6 4 The development towards minuscule in Francia and Italy 100 6 Tthew perfeectliofn tanhd tr iucmpeh onf Ctaurolirney min u1scu1le 1812 7 The development of handwriting from the late ninth to the 8 Gothic textura (textualis) 127 9 Gothic cursive and bastarda 136 10 Humanistic script 145 1 Abbreviations ISO III Supplement 4235 P Mu NnCcutuuasitiiompcna ahlne dn erreoalarttalesdst im oa11ntte 77r1s 1 77663 9 C. THE MANUSCR IPT IN CULTURAL HISTORY 179 I Roman and Christian antiquity 181 2 The early Middle Ages 19 0 3 The Carolingian period 202 4 From the tenth to the twelfth century 212 5 The late Middle Ages 224 6 The age of humanism 235 Plates (between pages 238 and 239) Bibliography 239 Index of manuscripts cited Index of nanles and subjects Index of authors cited VI Abbreviations Abh. Abhandlungen Arch. Archiv Arch. f Dipl. Archiv fUr Diplomatik, S{;hriflgeschichte, Siege 1- un.d Wappenkunde Arch. f Urk. Archiv fur Urkundenforschung Arch. Pal. Ita I. Archivio Paleografico Italiano (cdd.: Ernesto Monaci et aI., R.ome 1882 ff.) Arch. stor. ital. Archivio storico ita/iano Arndt- Tangl Wilhelm Arndt/Michael Tangl, Schrifltafeln zur Erlernung der lateinischen Paliiographie 1/2 (4th ed.), 3 (2nd cd.) (Berlin 19 0 4-06) Baesecke, Lichtdr. Georg Baesecke, Lichtdrucke nach altdeutschen llandschriften (Halle/S. 1926) Battelli, Lezion£3 Giulio Battelli, Lezioni di paleografia, 3rd ed. (Vatican City 1949) Becker, Catalogi Gustavus Becker, Catalogi bibliothecarum antiqui (Bonn 1885) Bibl. Bc. Chartres Bib/iotheque de I' B,'ole des Chartes Bischoff, Kal/igraphie Bernhard Bischoff, Ka//igraphie in Bayern. Achtes bis zwii/ftes Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden 1981) PaUiogra p hie Palaographie, in: Wolfgang Statnmlcr (ed.), Deutsche Phi/ologie im Aufrij1 1 2 (Berlin-Bielefeld-Munich 1957), cols 379-452; also separately printed Paleographie Paleographie de /' antiquite romaine et du moyen age occidental (transI. by I-Iartmut Atsma and Jean Vezin; Paris 1985) Schreibschulen Die sudostdeutschen Schreibschulen und Bibliotheken in de,. Karolingerzeit. I. Die bayrischen Diozesen, 3rd ed. (Wiesbaden 1974; 1st ed. Leipzig 1940); Die vorwiegend osterreichischen Didzesen (Wiesbaden 1980) Bruckner, Scriptoria Albert Bruckner, S criptoria medii aevi IIelvetica, to date 14 vols (Geneva 1935-78) Bull. Bullettino Catal. manoscr. datati Catalogo dei manoscritti in scrittura latina datati 0 databili I . . Vll Abbreviations (ed. Viviana Jemolo; Turin 1971); 2 (ed. Francesca di Cesare; Turin 1982) Calal. mss. dates Charles SaJnaran/Robert Marichal, Catalogue des manuscrits en ecriture latine portant des indications de date, de lieu ou de copiste, to date vols 1-3,4/1, 5-7 (Paris 1959 ff.) Catal. of dated MSS., Catalogue o.f the dated manuscripts written in the Latin script Smitzerland from the beginnings of the Middle Ages to 1550 in the libraries of Switzerland I (Beat Mathias von Scarpatetti). Text and plates (Dietikon-Zurich 1977) Ca vallo, Libri Guglielmo Cavallo, Libri e letlo1'i nel medioevo (Bari 1977) Cencetti, Compendio Giorgio Cencetti, Compendio di paleografia latina (Naples 19 6 3) Lineamenti Lineamenti di storia del/a scrittu1'a latina (Bologna 1954) Pal. lat. Paleografia latina (Guide I; Rome 1978) Chatelain, Pal. class. lat. Emile Chatelain, Paleographie des classiques latins 1/2 (Paris 1884-1900) ChLA Albert Bruckner/Robert Marichal et aI., Chartae Latinae Antiquiores, 1-15, 17-18, 20-22 (Olten-Lausanne 1954-67; Zurich 1975) Chroust, Monumenta Anton Chroust, M onumenta palaeographica, Denkmaler der Schreibkunst des Mittelalters, ser I and II (Munich 19°2-17); ser III (Leipzig 1931-40) CLA Elias A very Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores, I-I I and Suppl. (Oxford 1934-71); 2 2 (ibid. 1972). Addenda by B. Bischoff and V. Brown, Mediaeval Studies 47 (19 8 5) 317-366, with 18 plates (cited as CLA Addenda). Clm Codex Latinus M onacensis Crous-Kirchner, Schriftarten Ernst Crous/Joachim Kirchner, Die gotischen Schriftarten (Leipzig 1928) Datierte Hss. Datierte Handschriften in Bibliotheken der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ed. J ohanne Autenrieth) I. Frankfurt am Main (Gerhard Powitz; Stuttgart 1984) Oegering, S ch1'ift Hermann Degering, Die Schrift. Atlas der Schriftformen des Abendlandes vom Altertum bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts (Berlin 1929) Ecr. lat. Jean Mallon/Robert Marichal/Charies Pen'at, L' Ecriture latine de la cap ita Ie romaine a la minuscule (Paris 1939) Ehrle-Liebaert, S pecimina Franz Ehrle/Paul Liebaert, S peci11tt'na codieuf" Latinorum Vaticanorum (Bonn 1912) Exempla scripturarum I Bruno Katterbachl Augustus Pelzer/Carolus Silva- Tarouca, (II, III) Codices Latini saeculi XI I I I, Vatican City 1928); B. Kattel'bach/C. Silva- Tarouca, Epistolae et inst1'umenta saeculi XIII (II, ibid. 1930); Iulius Battelli, Acta pontijicum 2 (III, ibid. 1965) Fichtenau, Mensch und Heinrich Fichtenau, Mens{;h und Schrifl im Mittelalter St:hrift (Vienna 1946) Vlll Abbreviations Fischer, Schrifttafeln Hanns Fischer, Schrifttafeln zum althochdeutschen Lesebuch (Tiibingen 1966) Foerster, Abrifl2 Hans Foerster, Abrifl der lateinischen Paliiographie, 2nd re­ vised and enlarged edition (Stuttgart 1963) Gumbert, Utrechter J.P. Gumbert, Die Utrechter Kartauser und ihre Bucher Kartauser (Leiden 1970) It. Med. e Um. Italia Medioevale e Umanistica Jahrb. Jahrbuch John, Lat. Pal. James J. John, Latin Paleography, in: James M. Powell (ed.), Medieval Studies, An Introduction (Syracuse, N.Y. 1976) 1­ 68 Katal. d. dat. Hss., Katalog der datierten Handschriften in lateinischer Schrift in Oste1'reich (jsterreich, 1-4 (F. Unterkircher) 5 (Franz Lackner), 6 (Ma­ ria Mairold) (Vienna 1969 ff.) Katal. d. dat. Hss., Katalog der datierten Handschriften in lateinischer Schrift vor Sweden 1600 in Schweden 1/2 (Monica Hedlund) Text and plates (Stockholm 1977) Ker, Gala!. of MSS. Neil R. Kef, Catalogue of Manuscripts containing Anglo­ Saxon (Oxford 1957) Engl. MSS. English Manuscripts in the Century after the Norman Conquest (Oxford 1960) Kirchner, Script. Goth. Joachim Kirchner, Scriptura Gothica libraria (Munich­ lib l' . Vienna 1966) Script. Lat. libr. 2 Scrip/ura Latina libraria, ed. alt. (Munich 1<)70) Koehler, Karol. Min. Wilhelm Koehler (Kohler), Die karolingischen Miniaturen, 1-3 (Berlin 193 0 --60) Koehler/Mi.itherich, Wilhelm Koehler/Florentine Mi.itherich, idem 4-5 (Berlin Karol. Min. 197 Iff .) Koennecke, Bilderatlas Gustav Koennecke, Bilderatlas ZU1' Geschit:hte der Deutschen N ationalliteratur (Marburg 1887) Lehmann, Erforschung Paul Lehlnann, Erfo1'schung des Mittelalters, 1-5 (Stuttgart 1959-62; I: 1st edition Leipzig 1941) Lesne, Livres Emile Lesne, Les It'vres, «scriptoria» et bibliotheques du com­ mencement du VlIIe a la fin du XIe siecle (Histoire de la propriete ecclesiastique en France 4, Lille 1938) Lindsay, Notae Latinae W.M. Lindsay, Notae Latinae. An account of abbreviations in Latin manuscripts of the ea1' Y minuscule period (ca. 700-850) (Cambridge 1915; reprinted Hildesheim 1965) Litterae Textuales Litterae Textuales [=Godicologica 1976 ff.]; ed. by J.P. GUlnbert et al. (Amsterdam 1972-76; Leiden 1976 ff.) Lowe, Palaeographical Papers Elias Avery Lowe, Palaeographical Papers 1907-1965 1/2 (Oxford 1972) . Mallon, De I' ecriture Jean Mallon, De /' ecritu1'e, receui/ d' etudes (Paris 1982) Paleographie romaine Paleographie romaine (Madrid 1952) Mazal, Gotik Otto Mazal, Buchkunst der Gotik (Graz 1975) IX Abbreviations Romanik Buchkunst der Romanik (Graz 1978) MittelaIt . Bibliothekskat. Mittelalterliche Bibliothekskataloge Deutschlands und der Deutschl. Schweiz, vols. I and 2 ed. Paul Lehmann; vol. 3 ed. Paul Ruf; 4, I ed. Christine Elisabeth lneichen-Eder; vol. 4, 2 ed. Gunter Glauche and I-Iennann Knaus (Munich 1918-79) MG!I M onumenta Germaniae I-listorica Micheli, L' Enluminure G .L. Micheli, L' Enluminure du haut moyen age et les influences irlandaises (Brussels 1939) Milkau/Leyh, Handbuch 2 Fritz Milkau/Georg Leyh, Handbuch der Biblio­ thekswissenschafl, 2nd ed. (vol. I Wiesbaden 1952; 3, I ibid. 1955) Millares: Carlo, Tratado Agustin Millares Carlo, Tratado de paleografla espanola (with Jose Manuel Ruiz Asencio) 1-3; 3rd cd. (Madrid 1983) Mitteil. hist. Osterr. Mitteilungen des lnstituts fiir Osterreichische Geschichtsforsch. Geschichtsforschung Mss. dates, Belgique Fl'an90is Masai/Martin Wittek (ed.), Manuscrits dates con­ Se1"VeS en Belgique, 4 vols. to date (Brussels-Ghent 1968 ff.) Mss. dates, Pays-Bas Gerard Isaak Lieftinck, Manuscrits dates conserves dans les Pays-Bas, I vol. to date (Amsterdam 1964) Mlinchener Beitrage Miinchener Beitrage zur Mediiivistik und Renaissance­ Forschung New Pal. Soc. The New Palaeographical Society. Facsimiles of Ancient Manuscripts, ser I-II (ed. E.M. Thompson et al.; London 19 0 3-3 0 ) N ()men{;lature Nomenclature des ecritures livresques du /Xe au XVIe siecle (B. Bischoff, G.I. Lieftinck, G. Battelli) (Paris 1954) Nordenfalk, Das friihe Carl Nordenfalk in Andre Grabar/Carl Nordenfalk, Dasfriihe Mittelalter Mittelalter vom vierten bis zum e/[ten Jahrhundert (Die groBen Jahrhunderte der Malerei (Geneva 1957) Die romanische Malerei idem in Andre Grabar/Carl Nordenfalk, Die romanische Malerei vom I I. bis zum 13. Jahrhundert (Geneva 1958) Zierbuchstaben Die spiitantiken Zierbuchstaben. Text and plates (Stockholm 1970) Paliiographie 1981 Paliiographie /981. Colloquium du comite International de Paleographie, Munich, 15-18 Sept. 198 I (Proceedings, ed. by G. Silagi). Miinchner Beitdige 32 (Munich 1982) Pal. Soc. The Palaeographical Society, Facsimiles of Manuscripts and Inscriptions, ser I-II (ed. E.A. Bond et al.; London 1873--<)4) Petzet/Glauning, Deutsche Erich Petzet/Otto Glauning, Deutsche Schrifltafeln des IX. bis Schrifttafeln XVI. Jahrhunderts aus Handschriften der K. Hor- und Staatsbibliothek (415.' der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek) in Miinchen, /-3 (Munich 19 10 - 12 ),415 (Leipzig 19 2 4-3 0 ) Rev. Bened. Revue Benedictine s. (I ex.) saeculi (I exeuntis) x Abbreviations Santifaller, B eitrage Leo Santi faller , Beitrage zur Geschichte der BeschreibstojJe im Mittelalter. I. Untersuchungen. Mitteilungen d. Inst. f. Osterr. Geschichtsforschung, supplementary volume 16, 1 (Graz-Cologne 1953) Schramm/M iitherich Percy Ernst Schramm/Florentine Miitherich, Denkmale der Deukmale deutschen Ko'nige und Kaiser (Munich 1962) Seider, Lat. Pap. Richard Seider, Palaographie der lateinischen Papyri, I, 2/1, 2/ 2 (Stuttgart 1972 fr.) Settimane Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull' Alto Medioevo Steffens 2 , Lateinische Franz Steffens, Lateinische Pa laograph ie, 2nd ed. (Berlin Palaographie 19 2 9) Stiennon, Paleographie Jacques Stiennon, Paleographie du Moyen Age (Paris 1973) Stud. Mitteil. OSH Studien und Mitteilungen zur Geschichte des Benediktinerordens und seiner Zweige Thomson, B ookhands S. I-Iarrison Thomson, Latin B ookhands of the Later Middle Ages 1100-/5°0 (Cambridge 1969) Tjiider, Nicht/iter. lat. lan-Olof Tjader, Die nichtliterarischen lateinischen Papyri Pap. Italiens aus der Zeit 445-7°°, 1 (Lund 1954/5); 2 (Stockholm 19 82 ) Traube, Nomina Sacra Ludwig Traube, Nomina Sacra, Versuch einer Geschichte der christlichen Kiirzung (Munich 1907) Vorl. u. Abh. Vorlesungen und Abhandlungen, 1-3 (Munich 1909-20) Catal. of dated and datable Catalogue of dated and datable manuscripts c. 7°°-1600 in the MSS Department of Manuscripts in the British Library (London 1979); C. of. d. and d. MSS ca. 435-/600 in Oxford Libraries (ed. Andrew G. Watson; London 1984) Wattenbach, Schriftwesen Wilhelm Wattenbach, Das Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, 3rd enlarged ed. (Leipzig 1896) Zbl. f. Bw. Zentralblatt fUr Bibliothekswesen Zimmermann, V orkarol. E. Heinrich Zimmermann, Vorkarolingische Miniaturen. Min. Text and plates (Berlin 1916) Z. Zeitschrifi Z. f. d. Alt. Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum The publisher wishes to acknowledge the help and good advice of Dr Rosamond McKitterick in helping to prepare the typescript for publication. . Xl

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