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Latin America andthe Caribbean Latin America andthe Caribbean LANDS AND PEOPLES sixth edition L. DAVID CLAWSON University of New Orleans BENJAMIN F. TILLMAN Texas Christian University NewYorkOxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press is a department ofthe University of Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is aregistered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. 2018, 2012 by Oxford University Press 2006, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mc-Graw Hill For titles covered by Section 112 ofthe US Higher Education Opportu- nity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted bylaw, bylicense, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope ofthe above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, atthe address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you mustimpose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Clawson, David L.(David Leslie), 1948- author | Tillman, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Farr), 1969- Title: Latin America and the Caribbean :lands and peoples / David L. Clawson, University of New Orleans; Benjamin F. Tillman, Texas Christian University. Description: Sixth edition. | New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2017. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051099 (print) | LCCN 2017007378 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190497828 | ISBN 9780190497842 Subjects: LCSH: Latin America. | Caribbean Area. Classification: LCC F1408 .C62 2017 (print) | LCC F1408 (ebook) | DDC 980-dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051099 9 87654321 Printed by Sheridan Books in the United States of America David Clawsondedicatesthis bookto Margaret,Katie, Elizabeth, C.J.,Ernest, Emma, Laura Kay, Mary,John, andalltheir family members BenTillman dedicatesthis bookto Rosa andtheir children, Monica,Benjamin,Jacob,James,Adam, Emily, and Andrew CONTENTS Lists of Maps xi Ocean Currents 56 Lists of Tables xiii Latitude 57 Preface xv Precipitation 59 Continentality 59 1 Atmospheric Pressure Belts 60 CHAPTER Prevailing Winds and Orographic Effects 62 The Changing Face of Latin HURRICANES67 America and the Caribbean 1 CaseStudy 3.1: The 2008 Caribbean Hurricane Season 71 7 GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL STUDIES Summary 73 DELIMITING LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN7 Key Terms 74 9 LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN SUBREGIONS Suggested Readings 74 Key Terms 13 Electronic Sources 75 Suggested Readings 13 4 Electronic Sources 14 CHAPTER Natural Regions 76 I PART TROPICAL RAIN FOREST 76 Case Study 4.1: Biodiversity and the Tropical Physical Geography Rain Forest 81 15 82 TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE SAVANNA DESERT 84 CHAPTER 2 STEPPE 87 Landform Regions of Latin America HUMID SUBTROPICAL 88 MEDITERRANEAN89 andthe Caribbean 16 MARINE WEST COAST RAIN FOREST 89 91 HIGHLAND 16 THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS Summary 93 22 THE CENTRAL LOWLANDS Key Terms 93 25 THE WESTERN ALPINE SYSTEM Suggested Readings 94 Recent Earthquake and Volcanic Activity 26 Electronic Sources 96 CaseStudy 2.1: The 2010 Haitian and Chilean Earthquakes 28 Physiographic Regions of the Andes 31 II PART Physiographic Regions of Central America 37 Physiographic Regions of Mexico and the Caribbean 39 Cultural Patterns Summary 48 97 Key Terms 48 Suggested Readings 48 5 CHAPTER Electronic Sources 50 Iberian Heritage, Conquest, 3 CHAPTER and Institutions 98 Weather and Climate 51 LATIN AMERICAS ROMAN HERITAGE 98 CONTROLS OF CLIMATE51 ISLAM IN IBERIA99 Temperature 51 SPANISH RESPONSES TO ISLAMIC RULE 101 Altitude 51 102 THE SPANISH RECONQUEST vi CONTENTSvii 7 THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF LATIN AMERICA102 CHAPTER Mexico and Central America 105 Race, Ethnicity, and South America 107 Social Class 109 156 THE COLONIAL ERA The Mercantile System 111 NATIVE POPULATION LEVELS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST156 The Encomienda System 113 NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS ON THE EVE OF Decline of Spanish Influence in the Greater 157 THE CONQUEST Caribbean Basin 114 Western Highland Peoples 159 Peninsular-Creole Divisions 115 The Aztecs 159 INDEPENDENCE AND THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD115 The Maya 161 ConservativeLiberal Schisms 117 The Chibcha 163 Caudillismo 118 TheInca 164 CaseStudy 5.1: The 2009 Honduran Coup dEtat 119 CaseStudy 7.1: Native Animals of the Andes 166 POLITICAL MATURATION IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY120 The Southern Andean Indians 166 Summary 122 Eastern Lowland Peoples 167 Key Terms 122 The Southern Hunters 168 Suggested Readings 122 The Tropical Forest Dwellers 168 Electronic Sources 124 Common Indian Traits 169 6 Impacts of European Conquest and Settlement 169 CHAPTER Causes of Indian Depopulation 170 Political Change 125 Aftermath of the Conquest 172 BLACKS IN THE NEW WORLD173 125 MEXICO Antecedents of Latin American Black Slavery 173 CENTRAL AMERICA127 The African Slave Trade 173 Guatemala 127 Living Conditions in the New World 173 Belize 128 Forms of Slave Resistance 174 Honduras 129 Abolition 175 El Salvador 129 CaseStudy 7.2: Maroon Societies in Latin America 176 Nicaragua 129 EAST ASIANS IN THE CARIBBEAN176 Costa Rica 130 Panama 131 RACIAL MIXING177 The Evolution of Social Races 178 132 THE GREATER ANTILLES 180 Cuba 132 RACIAL WHITENING RACISM AND ITS RAMIFICATIONS182 Jamaica 134 CaseStudy 7.3: Indian Homelands and the Mesoamerican Haiti 134 Biological Corridor 184 Dominican Republic 135 185 Puerto Rico 135 CURRENT RACIAL PATTERNS Mexico and Central America 185 136 ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA South America 185 Venezuela 137 The Caribbean 187 Colombia 138 Ecuador 139 Summary 188 CaseStudy 6.1: Colombias Violent Drug War 139 Key Terms 188 Peru 142 Suggested Readings 188 Bolivia 143 145 SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA Chile 145 8 Paraguay 146 CHAPTER Argentina 147 Latin America as a Uruguay 148 Culture Region 193 Brazil 149 THE GUIANAS151 HONOR AND SHAME: INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY AND SELF-WORTH193 Guyana 151 Machismo 193 Suriname 152 Marianismo 194 French Guiana 152 Reproduction and Honor 194 195 Summary 153 PERSONALISMO Key Terms 153 SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES 197 Suggested Readings 153 The Upper Class 197 Electronic Sources 155 CaseStudy 8.1: The Hidden Costs of Corruption 198 viiiCONTENTS III The Middle Class 201 PART CaseStudy 8.2: The Perpetuation of Oligarchical Power in EconomicPatterns a Central American Nation 202 The Lower Class 202 259 Consequences of Social Rigidity 204 Fatalism and Luck 204 CHAPTER 10 Dual Educational Systems 204 Agriculture and Agrarian FAMILY LIFE205 Development Street Children 208 260 Possible Responses 210 CaseStudy 10.1: Waru Waru Agriculture 261 Status of Women 210 IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST262 CaseStudy 8.3: Women and the Informal 263 ENCLAVE ECONOMIES Economic Sector 211 Haciendas 263 216 OTHER ELEMENTS OF CULTURE Estancias 264 Literature and Poetry 216 Plantations 264 Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture 217 Sugar Cane in the Caribbean 265 Music 219 Coffee in Colombia, Central America, Sports 220 and Brazil 267 Mass Media and Tempo of Living 221 Bananas in Central America and Ecuador 268 Summary 221 The Plantation Controversy 269 Key Terms 222 SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE 271 Suggested Readings 222 Common Attributes of Smallholder Agriculturists 271 Electronic Sources 224 Slash and Burn Agriculture 274 Peasant Agriculture 276 9 AGRARIAN REFORM 277 CHAPTER New Land Colonization 279 Religion 225 AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION 280 282 EXPANSION OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN INDIGENOUS AMERICA225 Plant Crop Production 283 MEDIEVAL IBERIAN CATHOLICISM ON THE EVE OF Animal Husbandry 284 THE CONQUEST226 Tree Farming 286 THE SPIRITUAL CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORLD227 Fishing 287 RELIGIOUS SYNCRETISM229 CaseStudy 10.2: Harvest Strip Forestry 288 Marianism and the Cult of the Virgin Mother 230 Narcotic Drug Production 289 Challenges to Colonial Catholicism 232 Summary 291 CaseStudy 9.1: Cuzcos Lord of The Earthquakes 233 Key Terms 291 THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER OF THE CHURCH IN Suggested Readings 292 234 THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS Electronic Sources 296 THE CURRENT STATUS OF LATIN AMERICAN 235 CATHOLICISM Subtypes of Latin American Catholicism 236 11 Forms of African Folk Catholicism 240 CHAPTER Mining, Manufacturing, NON-CATHOLIC FAITHS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 241 and Tourism 297 Hinduism and Islam 242 CaseStudy 9.2: Jamaican Rastafarianism 243 PRE-CONQUEST MINING AND MANUFACTURING297 Judaism 244 MINING AND MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL CaseStudy 9.3: Venta Prieta: AJewish Community 297 LATIN AMERICA in Mexico 245 Silver Mining 298 Protestantism 245 Impact of Amalgamation 300 Characteristics of and Challenges to Latin American Labor Supply 301 Protestantism 246 Gold and Diamond Mining in Colonial Brazil 302 The Catholic Counter-Reformation 249 Other Colonial Mining Centers 303 Impacts of Mining 303 Summary 253 Key Terms 253 MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 303 Suggested Readings 253 CaseStudy 11.1: Mining and Regional Development in Electronic Sources 257 Colonial Latin America 304 CONTENTSix MINING AND MANUFACTURING DURING THE EARLY The Inner City: Zone of Commercial High-Rises and 305 Low-Income Tenements 367 REPUBLICAN PERIOD CaseStudy 12.2: Social Expressions ofthe BEGINNINGS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING305 CaseStudy 11.2: Big Bill Greene and American Latin American Plaza 368 Industrialization in Northern Mexico 306 Peripheral Squatter Settlements 370 Urban Population Densities 372 THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND IMPORT SUBSTITUTION CaseStudy 12.3: Planned Squatter INDUSTRIALIZATION307 Settlement Invasions 372 GROWTH POLES AND THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF INDUSTRY309 NEW CITIES373 Chile and the Arica Automobile Manufacturing 376 MIGRATION Experiment 310 Interregional Flows 377 Brazil: Large-Scale Regional Development and Migration between Latin American and Underdevelopment 311 Caribbean Countries 377 Venezuela: Growth Pole Development in Migration to Europe, Asia, and Anglo America 377 a Frontier Setting 312 POLITICAL REFUGEES 380 314 380 STATE OWNERSHIP AND PRIVATIZATION THE BRAIN DRAIN Remittances 382 EXPORT PROMOTION MANUFACTURING: AN ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL316 CONCLUSIONS: ARE LATIN AMERICA AND THE Puerto Ricos Operation Bootstrap 316 CARIBBEAN OVERPOPULATED? 384 The Mexican Maquiladora Industry 317 Key Terms 384 Other Export Promotion Initiatives 319 Suggested Readings 385 CaseStudy 11.3: Offshore Caribbean Electronic Sources 389 Financial Services Industries 320 321 CURRENT INDUSTRIALIZATION PATTERNS 321 13 CURRENT MINING DEVELOPMENTS CHAPTER ENERGY RESERVES AND DEVELOPMENT324 Development and Health 390 Hydroelectric Power Generation 326 Renewable Organic Fuels 327 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT DURING TOURISM 328 THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS 393 Summary 332 The International Financial Cycle 393 Recurring Economic Crises 393 Key Terms 332 Suggested Readings 333 THE LOST DECADE 394 Foreign Indebtedness 394 Electronic Sources 336 Inflation 396 Currency Devaluation 397 Economic Stagnation and Human Suffering 397 12 CHAPTER FISCAL RESTRUCTURING AND AUSTERITY399 Urbanization, Population Growth, CaseStudy 13.1: IMF Austerity Measures and Civil Unrest and Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean 401 337 402 THE FOUND DECADE NATIVE AMERICAN URBANIZATION337 REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL ECONOMIC UNIONS402 COLONIAL EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT338 CaseStudy 13.2: Structural Reform and Argentine Colonial Urban Primacy 342 Economic and Political Turmoil 403 Functional Classification of Cities 342 Central American Common Market 404 Morphology ofthe Colonial City 345 Andean Community 407 Settlement in Portuguese America 348 Caribbean Community 407 Rural Settlements 349 Southern Cone Common Market 407 Late Colonial Population Levels 350 North American Free Trade Association 408 351 Free Trade Area of the Americas 408 THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD 353 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA CaseStudy 12.1: Confederate Settlements in AND THE CARIBBEAN408 Latin America and the Caribbean 353 Provision of Clean Water and Sewage Treatment 410 The Demographic Transition Model 355 Food and Nutrition 411 Urbanization 356 CaseStudy 13.3: The Latin American City Sizein the Modern Era 360 Cholera Epidemic 412 Urban Primacy 362 Child Mortality Rate 417 MORPHOLOGY OF THE MODERN CITY362 HEALTH AND THE PHYSICAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT419

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Latin America andthe Caribbean Latin America andthe Caribbean LANDS AND PEOPLES sixth edition L. DAVID CLAWSON University of New Orleans BENJAMIN F. TILLMAN Texas Christian University NewYorkOxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press is a department ofthe University of Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is aregistered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. 2018, 2012 by Oxford University Press 2006, 2004, 2000, 1997 by Mc-Graw Hill For titles covered by Section 112 ofthe US Higher Education Opportu- nity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted bylaw, bylicense, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope ofthe above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, atthe address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you mustimpose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Clawson, David L.(David Leslie), 1948- author | Tillman, Benjamin F. (Benjamin Farr), 1969- Title: Latin America and the Caribbean :lands and peoples / David L. Clawson, University of New Orleans; Benjamin F. Tillman, Texas Christian University. Description: Sixth edition. | New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2017. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016051099 (print) | LCCN 2017007378 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190497828 | ISBN 9780190497842 Subjects: LCSH: Latin America. | Caribbean Area. Classification: LCC F1408 .C62 2017 (print) | LCC F1408 (ebook) | DDC 980-dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051099 9 87654321 Printed by Sheridan Books in the United States of America David Clawsondedicatesthis bookto Margaret,Katie, Elizabeth, C.J.,Ernest, Emma, Laura Kay, Mary,John, andalltheir family members BenTillman dedicatesthis bookto Rosa andtheir children, Monica,Benjamin,Jacob,James,Adam, Emily, and Andrew CONTENTS Lists of Maps xi Ocean Currents 56 Lists of Tables xiii Latitude 57 Preface xv Precipitation 59 Continentality 59 1 Atmospheric Pressure Belts 60 CHAPTER Prevailing Winds and Orographic Effects 62 The Changing Face of Latin HURRICANES67 America and the Caribbean 1 CaseStudy 3.1: The 2008 Caribbean Hurricane Season 71 7 GEOGRAPHY AND REGIONAL STUDIES Summary 73 DELIMITING LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN7 Key Terms 74 9 LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN SUBREGIONS Suggested Readings 74 Key Terms 13 Electronic Sources 75 Suggested Readings 13 4 Electronic Sources 14 CHAPTER Natural Regions 76 I PART TROPICAL RAIN FOREST 76 Case Study 4.1: Biodiversity and the Tropical Physical Geography Rain Forest 81 15 82 TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE SAVANNA DESERT 84 CHAPTER 2 STEPPE 87 Landform Regions of Latin America HUMID SUBTROPICAL 88 MEDITERRANEAN89 andthe Caribbean 16 MARINE WEST COAST RAIN FOREST 89 91 HIGHLAND 16 THE EASTERN HIGHLANDS Summary 93 22 THE CENTRAL LOWLANDS Key Terms 93 25 THE WESTERN ALPINE SYSTEM Suggested Readings 94 Recent Earthquake and Volcanic Activity 26 Electronic Sources 96 CaseStudy 2.1: The 2010 Haitian and Chilean Earthquakes 28 Physiographic Regions of the Andes 31 II PART Physiographic Regions of Central America 37 Physiographic Regions of Mexico and the Caribbean 39 Cultural Patterns Summary 48 97 Key Terms 48 Suggested Readings 48 5 CHAPTER Electronic Sources 50 Iberian Heritage, Conquest, 3 CHAPTER and Institutions 98 Weather and Climate 51 LATIN AMERICAS ROMAN HERITAGE 98 CONTROLS OF CLIMATE51 ISLAM IN IBERIA99 Temperature 51 SPANISH RESPONSES TO ISLAMIC RULE 101 Altitude 51 102 THE SPANISH RECONQUEST vi CONTENTSvii 7 THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF LATIN AMERICA102 CHAPTER Mexico and Central America 105 Race, Ethnicity, and South America 107 Social Class 109 156 THE COLONIAL ERA The Mercantile System 111 NATIVE POPULATION LEVELS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST156 The Encomienda System 113 NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS ON THE EVE OF Decline of Spanish Influence in the Greater 157 THE CONQUEST Caribbean Basin 114 Western Highland Peoples 159 Peninsular-Creole Divisions 115 The Aztecs 159 INDEPENDENCE AND THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD115 The Maya 161 ConservativeLiberal Schisms 117 The Chibcha 163 Caudillismo 118 TheInca 164 CaseStudy 5.1: The 2009 Honduran Coup dEtat 119 CaseStudy 7.1: Native Animals of the Andes 166 POLITICAL MATURATION IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY120 The Southern Andean Indians 166 Summary 122 Eastern Lowland Peoples 167 Key Terms 122 The Southern Hunters 168 Suggested Readings 122 The Tropical Forest Dwellers 168 Electronic Sources 124 Common Indian Traits 169 6 Impacts of European Conquest and Settlement 169 CHAPTER Causes of Indian Depopulation 170 Political Change 125 Aftermath of the Conquest 172 BLACKS IN THE NEW WORLD173 125 MEXICO Antecedents of Latin American Black Slavery 173 CENTRAL AMERICA127 The African Slave Trade 173 Guatemala 127 Living Conditions in the New World 173 Belize 128 Forms of Slave Resistance 174 Honduras 129 Abolition 175 El Salvador 129 CaseStudy 7.2: Maroon Societies in Latin America 176 Nicaragua 129 EAST ASIANS IN THE CARIBBEAN176 Costa Rica 130 Panama 131 RACIAL MIXING177 The Evolution of Social Races 178 132 THE GREATER ANTILLES 180 Cuba 132 RACIAL WHITENING RACISM AND ITS RAMIFICATIONS182 Jamaica 134 CaseStudy 7.3: Indian Homelands and the Mesoamerican Haiti 134 Biological Corridor 184 Dominican Republic 135 185 Puerto Rico 135 CURRENT RACIAL PATTERNS Mexico and Central America 185 136 ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA South America 185 Venezuela 137 The Caribbean 187 Colombia 138 Ecuador 139 Summary 188 CaseStudy 6.1: Colombias Violent Drug War 139 Key Terms 188 Peru 142 Suggested Readings 188 Bolivia 143 145 SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA Chile 145 8 Paraguay 146 CHAPTER Argentina 147 Latin America as a Uruguay 148 Culture Region 193 Brazil 149 THE GUIANAS151 HONOR AND SHAME: INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY AND SELF-WORTH193 Guyana 151 Machismo 193 Suriname 152 Marianismo 194 French Guiana 152 Reproduction and Honor 194 195 Summary 153 PERSONALISMO Key Terms 153 SOCIOECONOMIC CLASSES 197 Suggested Readings 153 The Upper Class 197 Electronic Sources 155 CaseStudy 8.1: The Hidden Costs of Corruption 198 viiiCONTENTS III The Middle Class 201 PART CaseStudy 8.2: The Perpetuation of Oligarchical Power in EconomicPatterns a Central American Nation 202 The Lower Class 202 259 Consequences of Social Rigidity 204 Fatalism and Luck 204 CHAPTER 10 Dual Educational Systems 204 Agriculture and Agrarian FAMILY LIFE205 Development Street Children 208 260 Possible Responses 210 CaseStudy 10.1: Waru Waru Agriculture 261 Status of Women 210 IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST262 CaseStudy 8.3: Women and the Informal 263 ENCLAVE ECONOMIES Economic Sector 211 Haciendas 263 216 OTHER ELEMENTS OF CULTURE Estancias 264 Literature and Poetry 216 Plantations 264 Architecture, Painting, and Sculpture 217 Sugar Cane in the Caribbean 265 Music 219 Coffee in Colombia, Central America, Sports 220 and Brazil 267 Mass Media and Tempo of Living 221 Bananas in Central America and Ecuador 268 Summary 221 The Plantation Controversy 269 Key Terms 222 SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE 271 Suggested Readings 222 Common Attributes of Smallholder Agriculturists 271 Electronic Sources 224 Slash and Burn Agriculture 274 Peasant Agriculture 276 9 AGRARIAN REFORM 277 CHAPTER New Land Colonization 279 Religion 225 AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION 280 282 EXPANSION OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN INDIGENOUS AMERICA225 Plant Crop Production 283 MEDIEVAL IBERIAN CATHOLICISM ON THE EVE OF Animal Husbandry 284 THE CONQUEST226 Tree Farming 286 THE SPIRITUAL CONQUEST OF THE NEW WORLD227 Fishing 287 RELIGIOUS SYNCRETISM229 CaseStudy 10.2: Harvest Strip Forestry 288 Marianism and the Cult of the Virgin Mother 230 Narcotic Drug Production 289 Challenges to Colonial Catholicism 232 Summary 291 CaseStudy 9.1: Cuzcos Lord of The Earthquakes 233 Key Terms 291 THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER OF THE CHURCH IN Suggested Readings 292 234 THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS Electronic Sources 296 THE CURRENT STATUS OF LATIN AMERICAN 235 CATHOLICISM Subtypes of Latin American Catholicism 236 11 Forms of African Folk Catholicism 240 CHAPTER Mining, Manufacturing, NON-CATHOLIC FAITHS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 241 and Tourism 297 Hinduism and Islam 242 CaseStudy 9.2: Jamaican Rastafarianism 243 PRE-CONQUEST MINING AND MANUFACTURING297 Judaism 244 MINING AND MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL CaseStudy 9.3: Venta Prieta: AJewish Community 297 LATIN AMERICA in Mexico 245 Silver Mining 298 Protestantism 245 Impact of Amalgamation 300 Characteristics of and Challenges to Latin American Labor Supply 301 Protestantism 246 Gold and Diamond Mining in Colonial Brazil 302 The Catholic Counter-Reformation 249 Other Colonial Mining Centers 303 Impacts of Mining 303 Summary 253 Key Terms 253 MANUFACTURING IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 303 Suggested Readings 253 CaseStudy 11.1: Mining and Regional Development in Electronic Sources 257 Colonial Latin America 304 CONTENTSix MINING AND MANUFACTURING DURING THE EARLY The Inner City: Zone of Commercial High-Rises and 305 Low-Income Tenements 367 REPUBLICAN PERIOD CaseStudy 12.2: Social Expressions ofthe BEGINNINGS OF MODERN MANUFACTURING305 CaseStudy 11.2: Big Bill Greene and American Latin American Plaza 368 Industrialization in Northern Mexico 306 Peripheral Squatter Settlements 370 Urban Population Densities 372 THE GREAT DEPRESSION AND IMPORT SUBSTITUTION CaseStudy 12.3: Planned Squatter INDUSTRIALIZATION307 Settlement Invasions 372 GROWTH POLES AND THE SPATIAL CONCENTRATION OF INDUSTRY309 NEW CITIES373 Chile and the Arica Automobile Manufacturing 376 MIGRATION Experiment 310 Interregional Flows 377 Brazil: Large-Scale Regional Development and Migration between Latin American and Underdevelopment 311 Caribbean Countries 377 Venezuela: Growth Pole Development in Migration to Europe, Asia, and Anglo America 377 a Frontier Setting 312 POLITICAL REFUGEES 380 314 380 STATE OWNERSHIP AND PRIVATIZATION THE BRAIN DRAIN Remittances 382 EXPORT PROMOTION MANUFACTURING: AN ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT MODEL316 CONCLUSIONS: ARE LATIN AMERICA AND THE Puerto Ricos Operation Bootstrap 316 CARIBBEAN OVERPOPULATED? 384 The Mexican Maquiladora Industry 317 Key Terms 384 Other Export Promotion Initiatives 319 Suggested Readings 385 CaseStudy 11.3: Offshore Caribbean Electronic Sources 389 Financial Services Industries 320 321 CURRENT INDUSTRIALIZATION PATTERNS 321 13 CURRENT MINING DEVELOPMENTS CHAPTER ENERGY RESERVES AND DEVELOPMENT324 Development and Health 390 Hydroelectric Power Generation 326 Renewable Organic Fuels 327 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT DURING TOURISM 328 THE COLONIAL AND REPUBLICAN PERIODS 393 Summary 332 The International Financial Cycle 393 Recurring Economic Crises 393 Key Terms 332 Suggested Readings 333 THE LOST DECADE 394 Foreign Indebtedness 394 Electronic Sources 336 Inflation 396 Currency Devaluation 397 Economic Stagnation and Human Suffering 397 12 CHAPTER FISCAL RESTRUCTURING AND AUSTERITY399 Urbanization, Population Growth, CaseStudy 13.1: IMF Austerity Measures and Civil Unrest and Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean 401 337 402 THE FOUND DECADE NATIVE AMERICAN URBANIZATION337 REGIONAL AND SUBREGIONAL ECONOMIC UNIONS402 COLONIAL EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT338 CaseStudy 13.2: Structural Reform and Argentine Colonial Urban Primacy 342 Economic and Political Turmoil 403 Functional Classification of Cities 342 Central American Common Market 404 Morphology ofthe Colonial City 345 Andean Community 407 Settlement in Portuguese America 348 Caribbean Community 407 Rural Settlements 349 Southern Cone Common Market 407 Late Colonial Population Levels 350 North American Free Trade Association 408 351 Free Trade Area of the Americas 408 THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD 353 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY HEALTH AND NUTRITIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA CaseStudy 12.1: Confederate Settlements in AND THE CARIBBEAN408 Latin America and the Caribbean 353 Provision of Clean Water and Sewage Treatment 410 The Demographic Transition Model 355 Food and Nutrition 411 Urbanization 356 CaseStudy 13.3: The Latin American City Sizein the Modern Era 360 Cholera Epidemic 412 Urban Primacy 362 Child Mortality Rate 417 MORPHOLOGY OF THE MODERN CITY362 HEALTH AND THE PHYSICAL-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT419

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