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Last Things This page intentionally left blank THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES RuthMazoKarras,GeneralEditor EdwardPeters, FoundingEditor Acompletelistofbooksintheseries isavailablefrom thepublisher. Last Things Death and the Apocalypse in the Middle Ages Edited by Caroline Walker Bynum and Paul Freedman PENN UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia Copyright© 2000UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-40II LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Lastthings: deathandtheApocalypseintheMiddleAges/edited byCarolineWalkerBynumandPaulFreedman. p. cm. - (TheMiddleAgesseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-8122-3512-6(cloth:alk.paper). - ISBN0-8122-1702-0(pbk. :alk.paper) I.Eschatology-Historyofdoctrines-MiddleAges,600-1500. I.Bynum,CarolineWalker. II.Freedman,PaulH.,1949 III.Series. BT819.5.L37 1999 236'.09'02-dc21 99-34223 CIP Frontispiece:JanvanEyck,TheLastJudgment. MetropolitanMuseumofArt,FletcherFund,1933(33.92b). Contents Introduction CarolineWalkerBynumandPaulFreedman I PartI: TheSignificanceofDyingandtheAfterlife SettlingScores: EschatologyintheChurchoftheMartyrs CaroleStraw 21 TheDeclineoftheEmpireofGod: Amnesty, Penance,andthe Afterlifefrom LateAntiquitytotheMiddleAges PeterBrown 41 FromJerichotoJerusalem: TheViolentTransformationof Archbishop EngelbertofCologne JacquelineE.Jung 60 FromDecayto Splendor: BodyandPaininBonvesindalaRiva's BookoftheThreeScriptures ManueleGragnolati 83 PartII: ApocalypticTime TimeIsShort: TheEschatologyoftheEarlyGaelicChurch BenjaminHudson 101 Exodus andExile: JoachimofFiore'sApocalypticScenario E. RandolphDaniel 124 ArnaudeVilanovaandtheBodyattheEndoftheWorld CliffordR. Backman 140 OfEarthquakes, Hail, Frogs, andGeography: Plagueandthe InvestigationoftheApocalypseintheLaterMiddleAges LauraA. Smoller viii Contents PartIII: TheEschatologicalImagination CommunityAmongtheSaintlyDead: BernardofClairvaux's SermonsfortheFeastofAllSaints AnnaHarrison 191 HeaveninView: ThePlaceoftheElectinanIlluminated BookofHours HarveyStahl 205 TheLimitsofApocalypse: Eschatology, Epistemology, and TextualityintheCommediaandPiersPlowman ClaudiaRattazziPapka 233 Notes 257 ListofContributors 357 Index 359 Acknowledgments 365 Introduction CarolineWalkerBynumandPaulFreedman EschatologycomesfromtheGreekeschatos-furthestorlast-henceourtitle, Last Things, the term medieval thinkers themselves used for the variety of topics covered in this book.l Recent scholarship has tended to treat sepa rately concerns that both medieval intellectuals and ordinary people would have seen as closelylinked: death, the afterlife, theendoftime (whetherter restrial or beyond earth), and theological anthropologyor the theoryofthe person. Inbringingwithinonesetofcoversessaysonallfourtopics, itisour contention that none can be understoodwithout the others. The interest in medievaldeathsincethefoundationalworkofPhilippeAriesinthe1960sand 1970S, the older debates over the conflict between resurrection and immor talitygeneratedbyOscarCullmaninthe1940S,theflurryofattentionto the geographyofthe afterlife stimulated byJacques Le Goff's TheBirth ofPur- gatory in 1981, the outpouring ofresearch on millennialism and apocalypse producedinreactiontoNormanCohn'sPursuitoftheMillennium (1957),and recentstudyoftheunderstandingofthehumanpersonstimulatedinpartby German scholars but carriedinto more populardiscourse by historians such asSimonTugwellandCarolineBynum-thislargebodyofliteraturehaseven morefar-reachingimplicationswhentakentogetherthanwhenconsideredas separate areas ofresearch? The moment ofdeath, the places ofthe afterlife to which souls depart (heaven, hell, and purgatory), the final judgment or millennial age thatmayeitherbe orpresagetheendo{time, andtheperson, reunited at judgment or in the afterlife, are all "last things." By considering themtogether,wehopeto addtodiscussionsofhoweschatologicalattitudes changed over time, to bring into sharper focus the divergent eschatological assumptionsoftheMiddleAgesandtheconflictsorincompatibilitiesamong them, and to raise more explicitly than is sometimes done the question of how eschatological understandings hovered over human experience, inflect ingthewayspeoplespokeaboutvaluesandhopes.

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When the medievals spoke of "last things" they were sometimes referring to events, such as the millennium or the appearance of the Antichrist, that would come to all of humanity or at the end of time. But they also meant the last things that would come to each individual separately—not just the pl
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374 Pages·1999·21.94 MB·English
by  Caroline Walker Bynum
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Last Things This page intentionally left blank THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES RuthMazoKarras,GeneralEditor EdwardPeters, FoundingEditor Acompletelistofbooksintheseries isavailablefrom thepublisher. Last Things Death and the Apocalypse in the Middle Ages Edited by Caroline Walker Bynum and Paul Freedman PENN UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia Copyright© 2000UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-40II LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Lastthings: deathandtheApocalypseintheMiddleAges/edited byCarolineWalkerBynumandPaulFreedman. p. cm. - (TheMiddleAgesseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-8122-3512-6(cloth:alk.paper). - ISBN0-8122-1702-0(pbk. :alk.paper) I.Eschatology-Historyofdoctrines-MiddleAges,600-1500. I.Bynum,CarolineWalker. II.Freedman,PaulH.,1949 III.Series. BT819.5.L37 1999 236'.09'02-dc21 99-34223 CIP Frontispiece:JanvanEyck,TheLastJudgment. MetropolitanMuseumofArt,FletcherFund,1933(33.92b). Contents Introduction CarolineWalkerBynumandPaulFreedman I PartI: TheSignificanceofDyingandtheAfterlife SettlingScores: EschatologyintheChurchoftheMartyrs CaroleStraw 21 TheDeclineoftheEmpireofGod: Amnesty, Penance,andthe Afterlifefrom LateAntiquitytotheMiddleAges PeterBrown 41 FromJerichotoJerusalem: TheViolentTransformationof Archbishop EngelbertofCologne JacquelineE.Jung 60 FromDecayto Splendor: BodyandPaininBonvesindalaRiva's BookoftheThreeScriptures ManueleGragnolati 83 PartII: ApocalypticTime TimeIsShort: TheEschatologyoftheEarlyGaelicChurch BenjaminHudson 101 Exodus andExile: JoachimofFiore'sApocalypticScenario E. RandolphDaniel 124 ArnaudeVilanovaandtheBodyattheEndoftheWorld CliffordR. Backman 140 OfEarthquakes, Hail, Frogs, andGeography: Plagueandthe InvestigationoftheApocalypseintheLaterMiddleAges LauraA. Smoller viii Contents PartIII: TheEschatologicalImagination CommunityAmongtheSaintlyDead: BernardofClairvaux's SermonsfortheFeastofAllSaints AnnaHarrison 191 HeaveninView: ThePlaceoftheElectinanIlluminated BookofHours HarveyStahl 205 TheLimitsofApocalypse: Eschatology, Epistemology, and TextualityintheCommediaandPiersPlowman ClaudiaRattazziPapka 233 Notes 257 ListofContributors 357 Index 359 Acknowledgments 365 Introduction CarolineWalkerBynumandPaulFreedman EschatologycomesfromtheGreekeschatos-furthestorlast-henceourtitle, Last Things, the term medieval thinkers themselves used for the variety of topics covered in this book.l Recent scholarship has tended to treat sepa rately concerns that both medieval intellectuals and ordinary people would have seen as closelylinked: death, the afterlife, theendoftime (whetherter restrial or beyond earth), and theological anthropologyor the theoryofthe person. Inbringingwithinonesetofcoversessaysonallfourtopics, itisour contention that none can be understoodwithout the others. The interest in medievaldeathsincethefoundationalworkofPhilippeAriesinthe1960sand 1970S, the older debates over the conflict between resurrection and immor talitygeneratedbyOscarCullmaninthe1940S,theflurryofattentionto the geographyofthe afterlife stimulated byJacques Le Goff's TheBirth ofPur- gatory in 1981, the outpouring ofresearch on millennialism and apocalypse producedinreactiontoNormanCohn'sPursuitoftheMillennium (1957),and recentstudyoftheunderstandingofthehumanpersonstimulatedinpartby German scholars but carriedinto more populardiscourse by historians such asSimonTugwellandCarolineBynum-thislargebodyofliteraturehaseven morefar-reachingimplicationswhentakentogetherthanwhenconsideredas separate areas ofresearch? The moment ofdeath, the places ofthe afterlife to which souls depart (heaven, hell, and purgatory), the final judgment or millennial age thatmayeitherbe orpresagetheendo{time, andtheperson, reunited at judgment or in the afterlife, are all "last things." By considering themtogether,wehopeto addtodiscussionsofhoweschatologicalattitudes changed over time, to bring into sharper focus the divergent eschatological assumptionsoftheMiddleAgesandtheconflictsorincompatibilitiesamong them, and to raise more explicitly than is sometimes done the question of how eschatological understandings hovered over human experience, inflect ingthewayspeoplespokeaboutvaluesandhopes.

Description:
When the medievals spoke of "last things" they were sometimes referring to events, such as the millennium or the appearance of the Antichrist, that would come to all of humanity or at the end of time. But they also meant the last things that would come to each individual separately—not just the pl
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