Laser Welding of Shape Memory Alloys PDF
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João Pedro de Sousa Oliveira Mestre em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais Laser Welding of Shape Memory Alloys Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais Orientador: Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Professor Associado com Agregação Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Co-orientador: Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda Professora Associada com Agregação Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Júri: Presidente Prof. Doutor Rodrigo Ferrão de Paiva Martins Arguentes Prof. Doutora Maria Teresa Freire Vieira Prof. Doutor Altino de Jesus Roque Loureiro Vogais Prof. Doutora Maria Luísa Coutinho Gomes de Almeida Prof. Doutor Norman Zhou Prof. Doutor Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Prof. Doutora Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda Prof. Doutor Rui Jorge Cordeiro Silva Junho de 2016 João Pedro de Sousa Oliveira Mestre em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais Laser Welding of Shape Memory Alloys Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais Orientador: Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Professor Associado com Agregação Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Co-orientador: Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda Professora Associada com Agregação Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade Nova de Lisboa Júri: Presidente Prof. Doutor Rodrigo Ferrão de Paiva Martins Arguentes Prof. Doutora Maria Teresa Freire Vieira Prof. Doutor Altino de Jesus Roque Loureiro Vogais Prof. Doutora Maria Luísa Coutinho Gomes de Almeida Prof. Doutor Norman Zhou Prof. Doutor Francisco Manuel Braz Fernandes Prof. Doutora Rosa Maria Mendes Miranda Prof. Doutor Rui Jorge Cordeiro Silva Junho de 2016 Laser Welding of Shape Memory Alloys Copyright © João Pedro de Sousa Oliveira, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. A Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia e a Universidade Nova de Lisboa têm o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicar esta dissertação através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, e de a divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objectivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor. To my parents If at first you don’t succeed you try and try again i Acknowledgements Along this path that ends with the writing of this document I crossed myself with several people which, one way or the other, had some influence to the out coming results here presented. First I must thank my supervisors, Professor Francisco Braz Fernandes and Professor Rosa Miranda, who have accepted to enter this adventure, which started by applying for a scholarship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. To Professor Braz Fernandes I thank for the numerous hours spent with me for discussion of results and for always be available to discuss matters non-related with my work, which arise from my scientific curiosity. To Professor Rosa Miranda, always available to present ways to improve the work and for the countless hours arguing with me about my work and other non-related situations. Additionally, her expertise in welding technologies was fundamental to me throughout this work. I will not forget her support during my stay in Canada when the experimental procedure appeared not to work either way I tried. To both Professor Braz Fernandes and Professor Rosa Miranda I express my gratitude for trusting me their students, which I was allowed to co-supervise with them. Also, they allowed me to go after different scientific interests which I came across during my thesis. To Professor Norman Zhou, director of the Center for Advanced Materials Joining of the University of Waterloo, Canada, I thank him to open his micro joining lab for me and for providing me all the required means to successfully achieve all the purposed tasks. During my at the University of Waterloo I meet other people which had significant importance in this work. I will always be grateful to my friend Boyd Panton for his help in the laser welding experiments and for our discussions regarding our works. To Zhi Zeng, another colleague, for his help and insights on the best way to optimize the welding procedure. Additionally, I must thank both Boyd and Zhi for trusting me to give them support for their experiments. To Carmen Andrei from the Brockhouse Institute for Material Research at McMaster University for the useful discussions during the transmission electron microscopy measurements. I also must acknowledge Professor Jose Luis Ocaña, director of the Centro Laser of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid for his availability and support during the similar laser welding trials of NiTi. At the Centro Laser, during welding experiments, the technical support provided by Alberto Cuesta and Alejandro Tur Gil was very welcomed. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was deeply used during this work. I acknowledge Dr. Norbert Schell for his availability to receive us at Deutsche Electron Synchrotron (DESY) and for his technical support during the experiments. I also want to thank to André Cavaleiro for his help during the beam times at the DESY synchrotron. We spent several long nights discussing results for our works. Additionally, his useful scripts were very appreciated to facilitate data analysis. iii To my friend and colleague Patrícia Freitas for always be the positive person in our lab. I acknowledge also the technical support by the staff of the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department of Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, for their help. Financial support provided by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, under PhD grant SFRH/BD/85047/2012 is acknowledged as well as support from Project No 612585 “MIDAS— Micro and Nanoscale Design of Thermally Actuating Systems” Marie Curie Actions, FP7-PEOPLE- 2013-IRSES To Professor Toshihiro Omori, from the Tokohu University, Japan, I’m grateful for providing the superelastic Cu-Al-Mn alloy used in this work and for his useful indications during writing of the related papers. To Professor Luca Lutterotti, from Università degli Studi di Trento, Italia, developer of MAUD for his useful tips for determining the residual stresses from synchrotron data. To Professor Teresa Vieira, from Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal, for her suggestions as a member of the advisory board of this thesis. I have to thank also to my parents, Maria and Jorge, for all their love and support throughout the years. Without them I wouldn’t be here, that is for sure. Finally, but not least, I must express my gratitude towards Susana. For her love and companionship, for her everlasting support, for dealing with my exquisite schedules, for really understand my ambitions and to always be there for me when I need to even if there is an ocean between the two of us. If that is not true love, I don’t know what it is then. iv
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