Laser Spectroscopy 2: Experimental Techniques PDF
Preview Laser Spectroscopy 2: Experimental Techniques
Wolfgang Demtröder Laser Spectroscopy 2 Experimental Techniques 5th Edition Laser Spectroscopy 2 Wolfgang Demtröder Laser Spectroscopy 2 Experimental Techniques 5th Edition Prof.Dr.WolfgangDemtröder UniversityofKaiserslautern Kaiserslautern,Germany ISBN978-3-662-44640-9 ISBN978-3-662-44641-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-662-44641-6 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014958748 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg1981,1996,2003,2008,2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface to the Fifth Edition The second volume of “Laser Spectroscopy” covers the different experimental techniques, necessary for the sensitive detection of small concentrations of atoms or molecules, for Doppler-free spectroscopy, laser-Raman-spectroscopy, double- resonancetechniques,multi-photonspectroscopy,coherentspectroscopyandtime- resolvedspectroscopy.Inthesefieldstheprogressofthedevelopmentofnewtech- niquesandimprovedexperimentalequipmentisremarkable.Manynewideashave enabled spectroscopists to tackle problems which could not be solved before. Ex- amples are the direct measurements of absolute frequencies and phases of optical waveswithfrequencycombs,ortimeresolutionwithintheattosecondrangebased onhigherharmonicsofvisiblefemtosecondlasers.Thedevelopmentoffemtosec- ondnon-collinearopticalparametricamplifiers(NOPA)hasconsiderablyimproved time-resolvedmeasurementsoffastdynamicalprocessesinexcitedmoleculesand hasbeenessentialfordetailedinvestigationsofimportantprocesses,suchasthevi- sualprocessintheretinaoftheeyeorthephotosynthesisinchlorophylmolecules. In particular, the applications of laser spectroscopy in chemistry, biology medicineandforthesolutionoftechnicalproblemshavemaderapidprogress.This isillustratedbyseveralexamplesinthelastchapter. Inthisneweditionsomerecentdevelopmentsarediscussed,asforinstancethe applicationofopticalcombstoprecisionmolecularspectroscopyanditsextension into the far UV region, to metrology, to astronomy and as frequency normal for the global positioning system. The progress in the controllable generation of high harmonics with frequencies up into the X-ray region and with a time resolution in the attosecond time scale are outlined and also new techniques of cooling and trappingofatomsormoleculesinvariousrealizationsofopticaltrapsarepresented. ForseveralsectionsofVol.2somebasicknowledgeofspectroscopictechniques orinstrumentationisnecessary.Therefore,crosslinkstoVol.1aregiven,wherethe fundamentalsoflaserspectroscopyarediscussed. Attheendofeachchaptersomeproblemsaregiven,whichshouldhelpthestu- dentstochecktheirunderstandingofthesubjecttreatedinthecorrespondingchap- ter.Thesolutionsaregivenattheendofthebook. v vi PrefacetotheFifthEdition The author would like to thank Dr. Th. Schneider from Springer-Verlag for his patienceandencouragementandMrs.St.Hohenseefromle-tex,whohastakencare of the layout and printing. The author is grateful to many people who have con- tributed to the improvement of this new edition by pointing to errors and possible revisionsoftheformeredition.Hethanksmanycolleaguesfortheirpermissionto usefiguresfromtheirwork. Hewillappreciateanyfuturecooperationofreadersforimprovingthistextbook. Anymailwithquestionsorsuggestionsforcorrectionswillbeansweredassoonas possible. Kaiserslautern,Germany WolfgangDemtröder November2014 Preface to the Fourth Edition Nearly50yearsaftertherealizationofthefirstlaserin1960,laserspectroscopyis stillaveryintensefieldofresearchwhichhasexpandedwithremarkableprogress into many areas of science, medicine and technology, and has provided an ever- increasing number of applications. The importance of laser spectroscopy and its appreciation by many people is, for instance, proved by the fact that over the last tenyearsthreeNobelPrizeshavebeenawardedtoninescientistsinthefieldoflaser spectroscopyandquantumoptics. Thispositivedevelopmentispartlybasedonnewexperimentaltechniques,such asimprovementsofexistinglasersandtheinventionofnewlasertypes,therealiza- tion of optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers in the femtosecond range, the generationofattosecondpulses,therevolutioninthemeasurementsofabsoluteop- ticalfrequenciesandphasesofopticalwavesusingtheopticalfrequencycomb,or thedifferentmethodsdevelopedforthegenerationofBose–Einsteincondensatesof atomsandmoleculesandthedemonstrationofatomlasersasaparticleequivalent tophotonlasers. These technical developments have stimulated numerous applications in chem- istry,biology,medicine,atmosphericresearch,materialsscience,metrology,optical communicationnetworks,andmanyotherindustrialareas. Inordertocoveratleastsomeofthesenewdevelopments,asinglevolumewould need too many pages. Therefore the author has decided to split the book into two parts. The first part contains the foundations of laser spectroscopy, i.e., the basic physicsofspectroscopy,opticalinstrumentsandtechniques.Itfurthermoreprovides a short introduction to the physics of lasers, and discusses the role of optical res- onatorsandtechniquesforrealizingtunablenarrowbandlasers,theworkinghorses oflaserspectroscopy.Itgivesasurveyonthedifferenttypesoftunablelasersand representsessentiallytheupdatedandenlargededitionofthefirstsixchaptersofthe third edition. In order to improve its value as a textbook for students, the number of problems has been increased and their solutions are given at the end of Vol. 1. Thesecondvolumediscussesthedifferenttechniquesoflaserspectroscopy.Com- pared to the third edition, it adds many new developments and tries to bring the readeruptospeedonthepresentstateoflaserspectroscopy. vii viii PrefacetotheFourthEdition The author wishes to thank all of the people who have contributed to this new edition. There is Dr. Th. Schneider at Springer-Verlag, who has always supported theauthorandhasshownpatiencewhendeadlineswerenotkept.ClaudiaRaufrom LE-TeXhastakencareofthelayout,andmanycolleagueshavegiventheirpermis- siontousefiguresfromtheirresearch.Severalreadershavesentmetheircomments onerrorsorpossibleimprovements.Ithankthemverymuch. The author hopes that this new edition will find a similar friendly approval to theformereditionsandthatitwillenhanceinterestinthefascinatingfieldoflaser spectroscopy.Hewouldappreciateanysuggestionsforimprovementorhintsabout possibleerrors,andhewilltrytoanswereveryquestionassoonaspossible. Kaiserslautern,Germany WolfgangDemtröder February2008 Preface to the Third Edition LaserSpectroscopycontinuestodevelopandexpandrapidly.Manynewideasand recent realizations of new techniques based on old ideas have contributed to the progress in this field since the last edition of this textbook appeared. In order to keepupwiththesedevelopmentsitwasthereforenecessarytoincludeatleastsome ofthesenewtechniquesinthethirdedition. Thereare,firstly,theimprovementoffrequency-doublingtechniquesinexternal cavities, the realization of more reliable cw-parametric oscillators with large out- put power, and the development of tunable narrow-band UV sources, which have expanded the possible applications of coherent light sources in molecular spec- troscopy.Furthermore,newsensitivedetectiontechniquesfortheanalysisofsmall molecularconcentrationsorforthemeasurementofweaktransitions,suchasover- tone transitions in molecules, could be realized. Examples are Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy, which allows the measurement of absolute absorption coefficients withgreatsensitivityorspecificmodulationtechniquesthatpushtheminimumde- tectableabsorptioncoefficientdownto10−14cm−1! Themostimpressiveprogresshasbeenachievedinthedevelopmentoftunable femtosecond and subfemtosecond lasers, which can be amplified to achieve suffi- cientlyhighoutputpowersforthegenerationofhighharmonicswithwavelengths down into the X-ray region and with pulsewidths in the attosecond range. Con- trolledpulseshapingbyliquidcrystalarraysallowscoherentcontrolofatomicand molecular excitations and in some favorable cases chemical reactions can already beinfluencedandcontrolledusingtheseshapedpulses. In the field of metrology a big step forward was the use of frequency combs from cw mode-locked femtosecond lasers. It is now possible to directly compare themicrowavefrequencyofthecesiumclockwithopticalfrequencies,anditturns out that the stability and the absolute accuracy of frequency measurements in the opticalrangeusingfrequency-stabilizedlasersgreatlysurpassesthatofthecesium clock. Such frequency combs also allow the synchronization of two independent femtosecondlasers. Theincreasingresearchonlasercoolingofatomsandmoleculesandmanyexper- imentswithBose–Einsteincondensateshavebroughtaboutsomeremarkableresults ix x PrefacetotheThirdEdition andhaveconsiderablyincreasedourknowledgeabouttheinteractionoflightwith matteronamicroscopicscaleandtheinteratomicinteractionsatverylowtempera- tures.Alsotherealizationofcoherentmatterwaves(atomlasers)andinvestigations of interference effects between matter waves have proved fundamental aspects of quantummechanics. The largest expansion of laser spectroscopy can be seen in its possible and already realized applications to chemical and biological problems and its use in medicine as a diagnostic tool and for therapy. Also, for the solution of technical problems,suchassurfaceinspections,puritychecksofsamplesortheanalysisofthe chemicalcompositionofsamples,laserspectroscopyhasofferednewtechniques. Inspiteofthesemanynewdevelopmentstherepresentationofestablishedfunda- mentalaspectsoflaserspectroscopyandtheexplanationofthebasictechniquesare notchangedinthisnewedition.Thenewdevelopmentsmentionedaboveandalso newreferenceshavebeenadded.This,unfortunately,increasesthenumberofpages. Sincethistextbookaddressesbeginnersinthisfieldaswellasresearcherswhoare familiarwithspecialaspectsoflaserspectroscopybutwanttohaveanoverviewon thewholefield,theauthordidnotwanttochangetheconceptofthetextbook. Manyreadershavecontributedtotheeliminationoferrorsintheformeredition orhavemadesuggestionsforimprovements.Iwanttothankallofthem.Theauthor wouldbegratefulifhereceivessuchsuggestionsalsoforthisnewedition. Many thanks go to all colleagues who gave their permission to use figures and resultsfromtheirresearch.IthankDr.H.BeckerandT.Wilbournforcriticalreading ofthemanuscript,Dr.H.J.KoelschandC.-D.BachemofSpringer-Verlagfortheir valuable assistance during the editing process, and LE-TeX Jelonek, Schmidt and Vöcklerfor thesettingandlayout.I appreciate,thatDr.H.Lotsch,whohastaken carefortheforegoingeditions,hassuppliedhiscomputerfilesforthisnewedition. Last,butnotleast,IwouldliketothankmywifeHarrietwhomademanyeffortsin ordertogivemethenecessarytimeforwritingthisnewedition. Kaiserslautern,Germany WolfgangDemtröder April2002
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