Laser Fundamentals: Part 1

251 Pages·2005·4.584 MB·English

by  H. Weber, G. Herziger, R. Poprawe (auth.), H. Weber, G. Herziger, R. Poprawe (eds.)

Index 247
Index
α−HIO3 143,183 Acetic acid 224,229
α−Iodic Acid 143 Acetone 224,226,229,230,238
β−BaB2O4 142 Achromatic correction 97
π-pulse 36 Acoustic phonons 217
6LiNbO3 227 ADA 143,165
6LiTaO3 227 Adiabatic
7LiNbO3 227 equations 20
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 226 pulse amplification 25
1,2-Dichloroethane 224 ADP 143,160,161,164,166,168,176,180
1,2-Diethylbenzene 224 Ag3AsS3 142,166,171,173,186
1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 224 Ag3SbS3 142
1,3-Dibromobenzene 224 AgGaS2 142,166,171,173,186
1,3-Pentadiene 225 AgGaSe2 142,166,174,186
1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane 224 Air
1,4-Dimethylnitrobenzene 231 thick lens in 113
1,4-Dioxane 224 Airy’s disc 92
1-Bromonaphthalene 225,231 Al2O3 225
1-Bromopropane 224 Ammonia 225
1-Chloronaphthalene 225 Ammonium Dihydrogen Arsenate 143
1-Fluoro-2-chlorobenzene 224 Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate 143
2π-pulse 35 Amplification
2,2-Dichlorodiethylether 224 stimulated 221
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 231 Amplifier
2-Bromopropane 224 feed-back 3
2-Ethylnaphthalene 225 Angle
2-Nitropropane 225 birefringence 145
3-Methyl-4-Nitro-Pyridine-1-Oxide 142 Brewster’s 101
3-Methylbutadiene 224 divergence 82
4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxy-Benzaldehyde (Vanillin) walk-off 145
142 Angular
moment 56
Abbe’s number 97 -spectrum representation 87
ABCD Aniline 224,229
matrix 111 Annular aperture 92
transformation 120 Anti-Stokes
Aberration 127 emission, higher-order 222
lens 117 line 218
spherical 117 Raman scattering, coherent 222
third-order 119 scattering 222
Absorber Aperture
saturable 237 annular 92
Absorbing circular 90
gas 237 length 151
liquid 237 rectangular 89
Absorption Apodization
excited-state 237 Gaussian 114
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248 Index
Approach Gauss
perturbation 206 –Hermite 81
Approximation –Laguerre 83
dipole 12 –Schell model 53
far-field, Fraunhofer 87 Gaussian 53,81
Fraunhofer 88 elliptical 57
far-field 87 general astigmatic 64,121,123
Fresnel’s 85,86 Hermite–Gaussian 53
Fresnel–Kirchhoff 86 higher-order 123
plane-wave 152 Laguerre–Gaussian 53
Rayleigh–Sommerfeld 86 ordinary 145
rotating-wave 14 partially coherent 54
Ar 211 positional stability 67
Argon laser 166 principal axis of 57
Astigmatic propagation 120
beam Gaussian 111
general 121,123 ratio, effective 60
simple 120,121
pseudo-symmetric 64
general 64
simple astigmatic 63,120,121
simple 63
stigmatic 62,120,121
system
waist 82
general 116
width 57
Astigmatism
long-term 69
inner 64
Benzaldehyde 224,229
intrinsic 60,65
Benzene 224,226,229–231
Axis
Benzene-d6 224
principal 58
Benzonitrile 224
of the beam 57
Benzonitrol 231
Azoxybenzene 231
Benzoylchloride 231
Benzylidenaniline 231
Ba 210
Bessel beam
Ba2NaNb5O15 142,227
diffraction-free 79
Banana (Barium Sodium Niobate) 142,158,179,
real 80
183
vectorial 80
Barium Sodium Niobate (Banana) 142,158,179,
Beta-Barium Borate 142
183
Barium vapor 225 Bi12GeO20 242
Basov 3 Bi12SiO20 242
BaTiO3 237,242,244 Bi12TiO20 242
Biaxial crystal 105,145
BBO 142,157–161,163–166,168,172,177,181,
184 Birefringence 106
Be 210 angle 145
Beam Bisectrix 147
Bessel Black-body radiator 47
diffraction-free 79 Bloch vector 33
real 80 Bolometer 48
vectorial 80 Brewster angle 101
characterization 53 -tilted plate 76
classification 61 Brillouin
conversion 65 doublet 218
diameter gain coefficient 238
generalized 57 lines 217
diffraction-free 79 scattering
elliptical Gaussian 57 stimulated 217,227,229,236
extraordinary 145 stimulated, thermal 220,227
fanning 243 Broadening
fluctuation matrix 67 collision 28
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Index 249
Doppler 28 Chloroform 224,229
homogeneous 29,223 Chloromethylbutane 224
inhomogeneous 30,223 Chloronaphthalene 231
line 26,28 Circular aperture 90
pressure 28 Classification 104
saturation 29 beam 61
types of 29 CLBO 142,157,160,161
Bromobenzene 224,226,229,231 CO 211
Bromopropane 224 laser 166
Butane 225 CO2 laser radiation
Butyl-benzene (tert.) 224 harmonic generation of 166
up-conversion of 171
C10H11N3O6 142 Coefficient
C10H13N3O3 142 gain 18,229
C11H14N2O3 142 Miller 147
C2F6 238 nonlinear
C6H6N2O3 142 effective 150
C8H8O3 142 scattering 226
Ca 210
Seebeck 48
Ca+ 210
Coherence length 238
Cadmium Germanium Arsenide 142
Coherent
Cadmium Selenide 142
anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) 222
Calcite 225,227
interaction 31
Calculus
partially 54
Jones 75
pulses, resonant 34
Mueller 77
Collins integral 126
Calorimeter 50
Collision broadening 28
Calorimetry
Coma 119
photoacoustic 50
Complex
Carbondioxide 225
notation 6
Carbondisulfide 224,226,229–231
q-parameter 120
Carbonmonoxide 225
refractive index 8,103
Carbontetrachloride 224,229
susceptibility 10
Cardinal
Concave
plane 110
grating
point 110
Rowland 114
CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering)
mirror
222
spherical 114
Cat conjugator 243
Condition
CBO 142,159,160
CCl4 238 phase-matching 208
Cd 210 resonance 5
CDA 142,156,180 steady-state 5
CdGeAs2 142,166,167,174 symmetry
CdSe 142,171,174,186 Kleinman 150
CdTe 242 threshold 4
Centered moment 55 Conductivity
Cesium Borate 142 electric 6
Cesium Dideuterium Arsenate 142 Conjugation fidelity 238
Cesium Dihydrogen Arsenate 142 Conjugator
Cesium Lithium Borate 142 cat 243
Cesium vapor 226 Conservation
CH4 238 of momenta 208
Characterization Constant
beam 53 time 31
Chlorine 226 Construction
Chlorobenzene 224,226,231 Listing’s 110
Landolt-Bo¨rnstein
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250 Index
Continuous wave Cyclohexane 224,229
optical parametric oscillation 176 Cyclohexanone 224
Continuum generation Cylindrical
picosecond 186 vector wave 78
in crystals 186 wave 79
Contribution
electrostrictive 227 D2, Q(2) 227
Conversion DAN 142,157
beam 65 Data
efficiency of crystals 108
quantum 153 of gases 108
factor for SI and CGS-esu systems 150 of infrared materials 108
of liquids 108
frequency
of metals 108
efficiency 151
of negative-refractive-index materials 108
in gases 209
of optical glass 108
Correction
of photonic crystals 108
achromatic 97
of polymeric materials 108
Coupling
of semiconductors 108
laser fiber 129
of solid state laser materials 108
Stokes–anti-Stokes 222
DCDA 142,156,161
waveguide 127,128
Decay
Cross section 18
differential 217 time T1 15
Raman scattering 223 time T2 16
Degenerate four-wave mixing 235,236
scattering 217
Degree
differential 227
of polarization 77
Raman 223
Delta formulation, Miller 147
Cross-spectral density 53
Density
Cryogenic radiometer 47,50
cross-spectral 53
Crystal
current 5
biaxial 105,145
distribution
data of 108
power 55
isotropic 105
power, far-field 55
laser 237
inversion 12,13,17
liquid 237
matrix 206
negative uniaxial 105
of electric charges 5
optical 105
Dephasing 227
optics 104
Depth
photonic, data of 108
penetration 102
photorefractive 237 Detector
picosecond continuum generation in 186 pyroelectric 49
positive uniaxial 105 quantum 49
uniaxial 145 thermal 48
negative 146 Determination
positive 146 of the ten second-order moments 66
Cs 210 Deuterium 226
CS2 238 DFWM (Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing) 236
CsB3O5 142 Diameter
CsD2AsO4 142 beam, generalized 57
CsH2AsO4 142 Diamond 225
CsLiB6O10 142 Dichloromethane 224
CuAlS2 227 Dielectric medium 96
Cubic 105 Dielectrics
Current density 5 homogeneous 6
Curvature isotropic 6
phase, generalized 59 linear 6
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Index 251
Difference frequency generation 144,153,172 Effective
generation of IR radiation by 172 beam propagation ratio 60
in the far IR region 175 length 151
Differential nonlinear coefficient 150
cross section 217 nonlinearity 147
scattering Efficiency
cross section 227 conversion
Diffraction 84 quantum 153
efficiency 92 diffraction 92
figure frequency-conversion 151
Fresnel’s 93 Einstein coefficient
-free of induced emission 21
beam 79 of spontaneous emission 21
Bessel beam 79 Electric
length 151 charges, density of 5
pattern conductivity 6
Fraunhofer 89 displacement 5
scalar theory of 85 field 5
theory polarization 6
Rayleigh–Sommerfeld–Debye 89 susceptibility 6
time-dependent 89 Electromagnetic field 5
vector theory of 85 Electrostrictive contribution 227
Diffractive optics 94 Ellipse
Diffuse emitter 47 variance 57
Dimethylhexadiene 224 Ellipsoid
Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 224 index 105
Dipole Ellipsometry 104
approximation 12 Elliptical Gaussian beam 57
Hertz’s 8 Emission
moment 11,15 anti-Stokes, higher-order 222
oscillating 8 induced
Disc Einstein coefficient 21
Airy’s 92 spontaneous 4,15,28
Dispersion Einstein coefficient 21
formula 97 Stokes, higher-order 222
-spreading length 151 Emitter
Displacement diffuse 47
electric 5 Energy
Distance flux 7
Rayleigh 82 radiant 45,46
Distribution relaxation 15
power density 55 Entropy relaxation 16
far-field 55 Equation
Wigner 53 adiabatic 20
Divergence angle 82 fundamental
DKB5 143,165 of nonlinear optics 207
DKDA 143,165 Helmholtz 74,79
DKDP 143,156,159,160,162 Maxwell’s 5
DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) 224 Maxwell–Bloch 15,16
Doped media rate 20
propagation in 10 slowly varying envelope (SVE) 74,80
Doppler broadening 28 SVE (slowly varying envelope) 74,80
Doublet wave 73,78
Brillouin 218 Ethanol 224,226,229,230
Dye laser radiation Ethyl-Benzene 224
second harmonic generation of 164 Ethylene 225
Landolt-Bo¨rnstein
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252 Index
Eu 210 Fourth harmonic generation 153,156
Excitance of Nd:YAG laser radiation 160
radiant 46 of Ti:sapphire laser radiation 164
Excited-state absorption 237 Fraunhofer
External reflection 101 approximation 88
Extraordinary beam 145 far-field 87
diffraction pattern 89
Factor far-field approximation 87
conversion Free-space propagation 61
for SI and CGS-esu systems 150 Freon 238
gain 220,226,227 Frequency
slit 92 conversion
Far field 58 efficiency 151
approximation gases 205
Fraunhofer 87 in gases 209
fidelity 239 liquids 205
Fraunhofer approximation 87 mixing 208
power density distribution 55 Rabi 33
Far IR region spatial 88
difference frequency generation in 175 Fresnel
Faraday rotator 76 approximation 85,86
Feed-back amplifier 3 diffraction figure 93
Femtosecond optical parametric oscillation 184 formulae 98,99
Ferroelectric oxide 242 –Kirchhoff approximation 86
Feynman representation 32 number 88
Fiber Fundamental equations
laser coupling 129 of nonlinear optics 207
phase conjugator 240
Fidelity 240 GaAs 175,186,242
conjugation 238 Gain
far-field 239 coefficient 18,229
Field Brillouin 238
electric 5 factor 220,226,227
electromagnetic 5 small-signal 11
far 58 Gallium Selenide 142
magnetic 5 GaP 175,227
near 56 Gas 205
Fifth harmonic generation 153,156 absorbing 237
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 161 data of 108
Fluctuation matrix -eous media, mixture of 209,211
beam 67 frequency conversion in 205,209
Fluorinert laser radiation
FC 72 229 second harmonic generation of 166
FC 75 229 mixture, metal-vapor inert 209,210
Fluorobenzene 224 Raman
Fluoromethane 224 parameters 227
Formula scattering 225
dispersion 97 scattering
Fresnel’s 98,99 Raman 225
Sellmeier’s 97 GaSe 142,167,174,186
Four-level system 24 Gauss
Four-wave –Hermite beam 81
interaction 221 –Laguerre beam 83
mixing, degenerate 235,236 –Schell model 53
Fourier beam 53
optics 94 Gaussian
transform 88 apodization 114
Landolt-Bo¨rnstein
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Index 253
beam 53,81 DF-3 229
elliptical 57 optical 97
propagation 111 data of 108
imaging 108 Glycerol 229
line shape 27 Goos–H¨anchen shift 103
matrix 111 Gradient-index lens 113
Gd2(MoO4)3 225 Grating 92
GeCl4 238 concave
General Rowland 114
astigmatic thermal 237
beam 64,121,123 Group
system 116 point 150
parabolic
system 112 H2, Q(1) 227
Half-wave plate 76
ray-transfer matrix 117
Harmonic generation 156
Generalized
beam diameter 57 of CO2 laser radiation 166
of high-power Nd:glass laser radiation 162
phase curvature 59
of iodine laser radiation 162
Generation
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 161
continuum
Harmonics
picosecond 186
of high-power Nd:glass laser radiation 162
picosecond, in crystals 186
of iodine laser radiation 162
difference-frequency 144,153,172
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 161
generation of IR radiation by 172
He 211
in the far IR region 175
He-Ne laser 166
fifth harmonic 153,156
Heat pipe 209
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 161
Helmholtz equation 74,79
fourth harmonic 153,156
Hermite–Gaussian beam 53
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 160
higher-order 123
of Ti:sapphire laser radiation 164
Hertz’s dipole 8
harmonic 156
Hexagonal 105
of CO2 laser radiation 166 Hg 210,211
of harmonics
HgGa2S4 143,171
of high-power Nd:glass laser radiation 162
Higher order
of iodine laser radiation 162
anti-Stokes emission 222
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 161
Hermite–Gaussian beam 123
second harmonic 144,152,156
Stokes emission 222
in “nonlinear regime” 154
Hole-burning
of dye laser radiation 164
spatial 237
of gas laser radiation 166
Holography 237
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 156,157,159
Homogeneous 6
of Nd:YAG laser radiation, intracavity 158
broadening 29,223
of ruby laser radiation 163 dielectrics 6
of semiconductor laser radiation 164 system 16
of Ti:sapphire laser radiation 163 Huygens’ principle 8,85
sixth harmonic 156 Hydrogen 226
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 161 Hydrogenbromide 226
sum-frequency 144,153,167 Hydrogenchloride 226
of UV radiation 167–169 Hyperbolic
third harmonic 152,156,208 propagation law 60
of Nd:YAG laser radiation 159
of Ti:sapphire laser radiation 163 Imaging
Geometric optical radiance 54 Gaussian 108
Geometrical optics 108 Index
Glass ellipsoid 105
BSC-2 229 surface 105,146
Landolt-Bo¨rnstein
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254 Index
Indicatrix generation by difference frequency generation
optical 145 172
Induced emission Irradiance 46
Einstein coefficient 21 Isopropanol 224,226
Induction Isotropic 7
magnetic 5 crystal 105
Infrared material, data of 108 dielectrics 6
Inhomogeneous
Jones
broadening 30,223
calculus 75
system 16
matrix 75
Inner astigmatism 64
vector 75
InP 242
Input
K 210
noise 220
KB5O8 4D2O 143
InSb 229
KB5O8 4H2O 143
Integral
KB5 143,161,162,165,166,169
Collins 126
KD2AsO4 143
Intensity 8 KD2PO4 143
radiant 46 KDP 143,156,159–164,166,167,176,180,186
saturation 18 KH2PO4 143
Interaction 14 Kleinman symmetry conditions 150
coherent 31 KNbO3 143,157,158,163–165,179,185,242
four-wave 221 Kr 211
Hamiltonian 14 Kramers–Kronig relation 97
length KTA 143,173,179,183,185
nonlinear 152 KTiOAsO4 143
quasistatic 151 KTiOPO4 143
nonlinear KTP 143,156–159,170,173,178,179,182–185
length 152
quasistatic Laguerre
–Gaussian beam 53
length 151
polynomial 83
three-wave 144
Lamb dip 26
Internal reflection 101
Lambert’s cosine law 47
IntracavitysecondharmonicgenerationofNd:YAG
Lambertian radiator 47
laser radiation 158
Laser
Intrinsic astigmatism 60,65
argon 166
Inversion density 12,13,17
CO 166
Iodine laser radiation
crystal 237
harmonics of 162
energy meter 50
IR
fiber coupling 129
far
He-Ne 166
region, difference frequency generation in 175
NH3 166
material, data of 108
oscillator 3
mid theory, semiclassical 4
region, optical parametric oscillation in 186 Law
near Planck’s 21
region, cw optical parametric oscillation in propagation, hyperbolic 60
176 LBO 143,157–159,161,163,169,177,178,181,
region, femtosecond optical parametric 182,184
oscillation in 184 Length
region, nanosecond optical parametric aperture 151
oscillation in 176 coherence 238
region,picosecondopticalparametricoscillation diffraction 151
in 180 dispersion-spreading 151
radiation effective 151
Landolt-Bo¨rnstein
NewSeriesVIII/1A1
Index 255
interaction Raman
nonlinear 152 parameters 226
quasistatic 151 scattering 224
nonlinear interaction 152 scattering
quasistatic interaction 151 Raman 224
Rayleigh 61 Listing’s construction 110
Lens Lithium Fomate 143
aberration 117 Lithium Iodate 143
gradient-index 113 Lithium Niobate 143
shape factor of 117 Lithium Triborate 143
thermal 113 Long-term beam width 69
thick 110 Lorentzian line shape 27
in air 113
m-Dinitrobenzene 231
thin 113
m-Nitrotoluene 229,231
LFM 143,156,165
m-Xylene 225
Li2B4O7 160,161
Magnetic
LiB3O5 143
field 5
LiCOOH H2O 143
induction 5
Lifetime
upper-level, T1 18 polarization 6
susceptibility 6
Light
Maiman 3
-induced refractive-index change 242
MAP 142,157
partially polarized 77
Master oscillator power amplifier 240
pressure 50
Matching
LiHCOO 225
mode 128
LiIO3 143,156,158,159,161,163,165,166,170, phase 144
172,175,176,180,186
condition 208
LiNbO3 143,156,158,159,161,166,170,172,175, noncollinear 146
176,180,186,237,242
Material
LiNbO3:MgO 143,159,176,180 infrared, data of 108
Line
negative-refractive-index, data of 108
anti-Stokes 218
optical 95
broadening 26,28
photorefractive 242
Raman
polymeric, data of 108
vibration-rotation 218
solid-state-laser, data of 108
vibrational 218,223
Matrix
scattering ABCD 111
Rayleigh, stimulated 228
density 206
shape 26
fluctuation
Gaussian 27
beam 67
Lorentzian 27 Gaussian 111
normalization of 27 Jones 75
normalized 27 ray-transfer 111
spectral 17 general 117
Stokes 218 system 55
width 26 variance 56
Linear 7 Maxwell
dielectrics 6 –Bloch equations 15,16
optics 73 equations 5
susceptibility 205 Medium
Linewidth 226,227 dielectric 96
Liquid 205 Meissner 3
absorbing 237 Mercury Thiogallate 143
crystal 237 meta-Nitroaniline 143
data of 108 Metal
frequency conversion in 205 data of 108
Landolt-Bo¨rnstein
NewSeriesVIII/1A1
256 Index
optics of 98 Multimode oscillation 26
vapor Mutual power spectrum 53
inert gas mixture 209,210
mixture of different 209,210 nπ-pulse 35
Methane 226 N2 211,238
Methane, Q 227 N2O 226
Methanol 224,226,229,230,238 N-(4-Nitrophenyl)-(L)-Propinol 142
Methanol-d4 224 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)-5-Nitrophenyl]-Acetamide
Methyl N-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-L-Alaninate 142 142
Methylodide 229 n-Hexane 229
Mg 210 n-Nitrotoluene 229
Mg+ 210 Na 210
Mg:O-doped Lithium Niobate 143 NaClO3 225
Nanosecond optical parametric oscillation 176
MHBA 142,157
Naphthalene 225,231
Mid IR region
Nd:glass high-power laser radiation
optical parametric oscillation in 186
generation of harmonics 162
Miller
harmonics 162
coefficient 147
Nd:YAG laser radiation
delta formulation 147
fifth harmonic generation of 161
Mirror
fourth harmonic generation of 160
concave
harmonics of 161
spherical 114
intracavity second harmonic generation of 158
phase-conjugate 235
second harmonic generation of 156,157,159
self-adapted 238
second harmonic generation, intracavity, of 158
spherical 113
sixth harmonic generation of 161
concave 114
third harmonic generation of 159
Misalignment 116
Ne 211
Mixed moment 56
Near field 56
Mixing
Near IR
frequency 208
radiation
two-wave 242
up-conversion of 170
Mixture
region
metal-vapor inert gas 209,210
cw optical parametric oscillation in 176
of different metal vapors 209,210
femtosecond optical parametric oscillation in
of gaseous media 209,211
184
mNA 143,157
nanosecond optical parametric oscillation in
Mode
176
competition 26
picosecond optical parametric oscillation in
hopping 26
180
matching 128 Negative
Model refractive index material, data of 108
Gauss–Schell 53 uniaxial crystal 105,146
Moment (NH2)2CO 143
angular 56 NH3 laser 166
centered 55 NH4H2AsO4 143
dipole 11,15 NH4H2PO4 143
mixed 56 Nitroacetophenone 231
second-order 55 Nitrobenzaldehyde 231
determination of 66 Nitrobenzene 225,226,229,231
radiation field, propagation of 111 Nitrogen 225,226
spatial 56 NO 226
Momentum NO2C6H4NH2 143
conservation of 208 Nodal point 110
Monoclinic 105 Noise input 220
MOPA (Master Oscillator Power Amplifier) 240 Non-symmetrical optical system 112
Mueller calculus 77 Noncollinear phase matching 146
Landolt-Bo¨rnstein
NewSeriesVIII/1A1