Laser Applications in Medicine and Biology: Volume 4

306 Pages·1989·8.47 MB·English

by  Leonid B. Rubin (auth.), M. L. Wolbarsht (eds.)

LASER APPLICATIONS IN
MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Volume 4
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LASER APPLICATIONS
IN MEDICINE
AND BIOLOGY
Volume 4
Edited by
M. L. Wolbarsht
Professor of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering
Duke University
Durham, North Carolina
PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON
ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8061-3 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-0745-7
DOl: 10.10071978-1-4613-0745-7
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77-128514
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
CONTRIBUTORS
Ralph G. Allen, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base,
Texas 78235
William T. Ham, Jr., Department oj Biostatistics, Biomedical Engineering
Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0001
Franz Hillenkamp, Institute for Medical Physics, University oj Munster, D-4400
Munster/FRLY, Federal Republic of Germany
R. Kaufmann, Department oj Clinical Physiology, University of Dusseldorf,
D-4000 Dusseldorf, Federal Republic oj Germany
Harold A. Mueller, Department of Biostatistics, Biomedical Engineering Division,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0001
Richard M. Osgood, Jr., Department oj Electrical Engineering and Applied
Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
Garret D. Polhamus, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force
Base, Texas 78235
Claude Reiss, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS and Universiti Paris VII, 75251
Paris, France
Leonid B. Rubin, Department oj Quantum Radiophysics, Faculty oj Physics,
Moscow State University, Moscow, USSR
v
PREFACE
The diversity of the chapters presented in this volume illustrates not only the
many applications of lasers, but also the fact that, in many cases, these are
not new uses of lasers, but rather improvements of laser techniques already
widely accepted in both research and clinical situations. Biological reactions
to some special aspects of laser exposure continue to show new effects, which
have implications for the ever-present topic of laser safety. Such biological
reactions are included in fields of research which depend on properties of
electromagnetic radiation exposure only possible with lasers, for example,
the short pulses necessary for the temperature-jump experiments reviewed
by Reiss:
Speciality lasers, such as the transverse excitation atmospheric (TEA)
or excimer lasers, add new wavelengths and pulse domains to those already
available for biological application. A description of these new types of lasers
by Osgood is included to indicate new possibilities for future use and to
avoid limiting our coverage to well-developed present-day applications.
Hillenkamp and Kaufmann describe a microprobe mass spectrograph
for analysis of the minute amounts of material evaporated by a laser pulse.
The analytical possibilities of this instrument are far-reaching, and some of
the various results are described to illustrate the power of their method, as
well as to show the types of problems that are suitable for it.
The initial steps in photosynthesis have become the subject of intensive
investigation. High-speed laser techniques have assisted in unlocking some of
the puzzles of the energy transduction involved, and the present review by
Rubin shows both the current state of the art and the possibilities for future
experiments.
Much of the clinical work using lasers remains in ophthalmology, the
first specialty to accept any type of laser exposure as a standard therapy. In
addition to its use in the treatment of an ever-increasing number of retinal
vii
viii Preface
problems, laser coagulation has become the standard treatment for
glaucoma, for the lens capsule cutting necessitated by the complications of
lens implant surgery, and bids fair to proceed even further as lasers are
applied to vitreous surgery. The analyses of bioeffects of laser exposures in
the eye by Ham and Mueller, and by Allen and Pohlhamus, give some of
the scientific background for those applications that have already proven
successful and indicate the bases for future clinical applications of lasers in
oph thalmology.
Each clinical acceptance of a laser instrument broadens the experience
of all in the general medical field with regard to laser use. Also, the
increasingly larger number of clinicians involved in research on laser sur
gery adds even more to the diversity of laboratory projects that will in
turn become the basis for techniques that in the future will gain clinical
acceptance.
As before, suggestions for subjects for critical reviews in future volumes
are most welcome.
M. 1. Wolbarsht
Durham, North Carolina
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
The Laser as a Tool in the Study of Photosynthesis
Leonid B. Rubin
1. Introduction ............................................. .
2. Technical Aspects of the Laser Research Methods Used in
Photosynthetic Research .................................... 2
2.1. The Sources of Short and Ultrashort Pulses ................. 3
2.1.1. Q-Switched Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.2. Mode-Locked Lasers .............................. 3
2.1.3. Frequency Tuning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2. Picosecond Spectrometers for the Absorbance Change
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1. Echelon Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.2. Optical Delay Line Method ........................ 7
2.3. Picosecond Fluorometry ................................. 9
2.3.1. Optical Kerr Gate Method ......................... 9
2.3.2. Streak Camera Techniques ......................... 11
2.3.3. Photon Counting Fluorometry ...................... 13
2.3.4. Frequency Mixing in Nonlinear Crystals ............. 13
2.4. Raman Spectroscopy .................................... 14
2.5. Laser Monitoring Techniques ............................ 16
3. Laser Studies of Photosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
3.1. The Primary Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 18
3.1.1. Energy Migration ................................. 20
3.1.2. Charge Separation and Stabilization ................. 35
3.2. Photosynthesizing Bacteria ............................... 36
Contents
3.3. Higher Plants .......................................... 40
3.4. Molecular Organization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus ..... 43
3.4.l. Action of Ruby Laser Radiation ..................... 46
3.4.2. Raman Scattering Spectroscopy ..................... 49
4. Conclusion ................................................ 51
References .................................................. 51
Chapter 2
Requirements and Technical Concepts of
Biomedical Microprobe Analysis
Franz Hillenkamp and R. Kaufmann
1. Prologue ................................................. 59
l.l. Introduction........................................... 61
2. Actual Microprobe Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 63
2.l. Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (EPXM) .............. 63
2.2. Ion Microprobe ........................................ 64
2.3. Raman Scattering Microprobes ........................... 65
2.4. Laser Microprobe Emission Spectroscopy .................. 65
2.5. Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA) ............... 66
3. The LAMMA Instrument and Its Performance ................. 66
3.1. General Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 66
3.2. Laser and Laser Optics .................................. 68
3.3. The TOF Spectrometer and Signal Detection ............... 69
3.4. Sensitivity ............................................. 72
3.5. Quantitative Analysis ................................... 73
4. LAMMA Applications in Biomedical Microprobe Analysis ........ 77
4.l. Specimen Preparation for LAMMA Analysis ................ 77
4.2. Distribution of Physiological Cations and Trace Elements in
Soft Biological Tissues ................................... 78
4.3. KINa Ratio in Transport Active Epithelia of the Inner Ear
(Stria Vascularis) ...................................... 86
4.4. K/Na/Ca Ratio in Single Isolated Skeletal Muscle Fibers. . . . .. 89
4.5. Fe/Mg Ratio in Single Human Red Blood Cells ............. 89
4.6. Detection and Localization of Trace Elements in
Biological Tissues ....................................... 93
5. LAMMA Applications in Particle Analysis ..................... 99
5.l. Microanalysis of Small Particles: Some General Considerations 99
5.2. Performance and Limitations of the LAMMA Technique as
Applied to Particle Research ............................. 99
5.3. LAMMA Analysis of Reference Particles ................... 102
Contents
5.4. LAMMA Analysis of True Aerosols ....................... . 107
5.5. LAMMA Analysis of Asbestos and Man-Made Mineral Fibers . 109
6. LAMMA Applications in Organic Mass Spectrometry .......... . 114
6.1. Mass Spectroscopy of Nonvolatile or Thermally Labile
Compounds .......................................... . 114
6.2. Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry ...................... . 115
6.3. Laser Pyrolysis ........................................ . II6
6.4. Laser Desorption Spectra of Amino Acids and Pep tides ...... . II7
6.5. LAMMA Investigation of Human Skin ................... . 125
6.6. Mass Spectrometric Fingerprinting of Mycobacteria ........ . 125
7. Conclusions and Outlook ................................... . 126
References 128
Chapter 3
Ultrashort Laser Pulses in Biomedical Research
Claude Reiss
1. Introduction .............................................. 133
1.1. Study of Fast Biological Events May Require Particular
Laser Technologies ...................................... 134
1.2. How Lasers Deliver Short Pulses .......................... 135
1.3. Physics of Giant Light Pulses ............................. 138
1.4. Nonlinear Technologies ................................ " 139
1.5. Detection of Picosecond Light Events ...................... 145
2. Use of Laser Pulses to Induce Biochemical Reactions ............. 152
2.1. Photobiological Reactions ............................... 152
2.2. Chemical Relaxation ................................... 153
2.3. T Jumps .............................................. 154
3. Use of Lasers for Monitoring Fast Biochemical Reactions ......... 158
3.1. Multichannel Spectral Analyses ........................... 159
4. New Technologies in Multichannel Spectral Analysis ............. 160
References 165
Chapter 4
The Excimer Laser: A New Ultraviolet Source for
Medical, Biological, and Chemical Applications
Richard M. Osgood, Jr.
l. Introduction .............................................. 167
2. Physics of Excimers, and Limitations on Their Use as Laser Medium 169
3. Technology and Capabilities of Excimer Lasers .................. 173