Laser Applications in Medicine and Biology: Volume 2

419 Pages·1974·9.307 MB·English

by  Michael W. Berns (auth.), Myron L. Wolbarsht (eds.)

LASER APPLICATIONS IN
MEßICINE ANß BIOLOGY
Volume2
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
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LASER APPLICATIONS
IN MEßICINE
ANß BIOLOGY
Volume 2
Edited bv
M. L. Wolbarsbt
Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Research
Department of Ophthalmology
Duke University Medical Center
Durharn, North Carolina
PLENUM PRESS • NEW VORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Laser applications in medicine and biology.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Lasers in medicine. 2. Lasers in biology. 1. Wolbarsht, M. L., 1924-
ed. [DNLM: 1. Lasers-Yearbooks. W1 LA78F]
R895.L35 610'.28 77-128514
ISBN 978'1'4615'7325'8 ISBN 978'1'4615'7323'4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978'1'4615'7323'4
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1974
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from the Publisher
Ta J. A. C. Wadsworth, M.n., who has fastered
an atmosphere conducive to the development of re
search in ophthalmology and laser technology, hoth
separately and in comhination.
Contributors to Volume 2
Frank Stephenson Barnes, Department of Electrical Engineering, Uni
versity of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Michael W. Berns, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology,
University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Herbert C. Bredemeier, American Optical Corporation Research Labora
tories, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA (In Memoriam)
L. S. Cram, Biophysics and Instrumentation Group, Los Alamos Sci
entific Laboratory, University of Ca lifornia, Los Alamos, New
Mexico, USA
H. A. Crissman, Biophysics and Instrumentation Group, Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory, University of Californ ia, Los Alamos, New
Mexico, USA
Ralph Ger, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York,
USA, and University of Tel Aviv, Israel
I. Harding-Barlow, 3777 Laguna Avenue, Palo Alto, Ca lifo rn ia, USA
B. F. Hochheimer, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins Uni
versity, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
D. M. Holm, Biophysics and Instrumentation Group, Los Alamos Sci
entific Laboratory, University of Ca lzjo rn ia, Los Alamos, New
Mexico, USA
Isaac Kaplan, Department of Plastic Surgery, Beilinson Hospital and
University of Tel Aviv, Israel
R. A. Laing, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
vii
viii Contributors to Volume 2
P. F. Mullaney, Biophysics and Instrumentation Group, Los Alamos
Scienti/ic Laboratory, University· 0/ Cali/ornia, Los Alamos, New
Mexico, USA
Thomas G. Polanyi, American Optical Corporation Research Labora
tories, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
Uzi Sharon, Pan Engineering Ltd. and Tel Aviv University Campus,
Israel
David H. Sliney, Laser-Microwave Division, U.S. Army Environmental
Hygiene Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
J. A. Steinkamp, Biophysics and Instrumentation Group, Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory, University 0/ Ca I iforn ia, Los Alamos, New
Mexico, USA
Stanley Stellar, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey,
USA, and College 0/ Medicine and Dentistry 0/ New Jersey, Newark,
New Jersey, USA
Ralph H. Stern, School 0/ Dentistry, University 0/ California at Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, Cali/ornia, USA
K. D. Vaughan, Department 0/ Physics, University 0/ Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada; Present Address: Department 0/ Pathol
ogy, University 0/ Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
R. L. Wiggins, Department 0/ Ophthalmology, St. Joseph 's Hospital,
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
M. L. Wolbarsht, Department 0/ Ophthalmology and Biomedical En
gineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Preface
In the intervening years since the publication of Volume I, the develop
ment of new uses for the various types of lasers has proceeded at a rate
more rapid than even the most fanciful dreamers envisioned. Of course,
the main effort has been on the laser itself-new wavelengths, shorter and
longer time domains for pulses, increases in power, and, most important,
greater reliability. In its first stage the laser was described as a solution
in search of a problem. The production of holograms was one problem
whose solution seemed to involve large number of lasers. However that
proposal had its own difficulties, for the hologram itself was described as a
solution searching for a problem. But all of that now is a chapter from
ancient history . On the current scene the laser is used in industrial pro
duction lines, as a classroom item at all levels of education, and in com
mercial usage such that the public is generally exposed to the laser devices
themselves. Trial runs have been made, e.g., of laser-based supermarket
checkout devices and as commercial exploitation of this item begins, cer
tainly many more similar adaptations will follow.
However, the shift in emphasis from research usage of lasers to de
velopment and production has been relative rather than absolute. The
use of the laser in research has not lessened; rather it has grown at as
fast a pace. Yet a similar trend is seen there also. The reviews in Volume I
of this series were almost all on the laser as a research tool in particular
fields. The present volume does not neglect such research, but much of the
material here borders on industrial-or at least-public usage.
The cell sorter techniques reviewed by Monahan are used in re
search instruments at present, but it is easy to see that in a few years they
may be used in industrial processes to manufacture vaccines, or as sex
determinants in artificial insemination, or even ultimately as part of a
cancer cure. It is appropriate in this shift from the laboratory to the public
that we move our consideration for laser safety from hazard analysis and
ix
x Preface
models of laser damage to the basis for public safety standards, in par
ticular to the recently published (October, 1973) American National
Standards Institute Laser Safety Standard (ANS I Z-136). This is a consen
sus standard and is also the basis for a similar document from the Ameri
can Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists. As David Sliney
and I were involved in the formulation of the ANSI Z-136 standard, we
thought it suitable to include an extended discussion of the rationale and
the data behind the formulation of the ANSI document.
Some of the reviews in this volume update those presented in Vol
urne I, while others are on new topics, most notably the chapter on holog
raphy. The authors represented in this volume are noted for the high
quality of their research work and for their critical approach to the prob
lems in their fields. The aim of these authors has been to present analytical
overviews of particular fields emphasizing developments that they deern
important. A primary task was to highlight unsolved problems and dis
crepancies between current data and theories. None of the reviews purports
to present an exhaustive list of all the literature within a particular area.
There is some overlap in subject matter among the chapters, especially
between the two on the subject of laser surgery. However, the authors
have fundamentally different approaches to the laser and even to surgery.
One of these chapters is concerned mainly with the original development of
equipment and the other with the development of what might be called a
"second-generation" light scalpel. The two reviews on holography have
much material in common, but differ in application and conception. I feit
that both were necessary. The rapid change in laser technology has neces
sitated a complete revision of the material on lasers in dentistry. Initial
dental laser research was limited by the fact that ruby laser energy is only
poorly absorbed at the enamel surface. However, before Volume I of this
series was published, the pulsed carbon dioxide laser became available.
As a result, more efficient laser effects at vastly lower energy den si ti es are
possible. Recently a new and dramatic change has occurred with the
development of the neodymium laser (with suitable enamel coatings),
which is believed to be the most versatile laser for potential dental applica
tions. Anticipated developments in lasers, the use of flexible waveguides,
laser-fused dental ceramics, and dental laser welding allow the assumption
that the laser will have an increasingly important influence in dentistry.
Many of my colleagues have offered me suggestions about the material
to be published in this volume. I am indebted to all of them, but most
especially Tom Polanyi and Fred Breck.
M yron L. W olbarsht
Durharn, North Carolina
Contents
Chapter 7
Microbeams .
by Michael W. Berns
l. Introduction
2. Instrumentation . . . . . . . . 2
2.1. General Considerations . 2
2.2. Ruby Laser Microbeams 3
2.3. Argon Laser Microbeams . 5
2.4. Neodymium Laser Microbeams 9
2.5. Other Laser Microbeam-Like Systems. 9
2.6. Available Laser Wavelengths ..... . 13
3. Methodologies Employed with Microbeam Irradiation . 14
3.1. Cell Culture. . . . . . . 14
3.2. Vital Dye Sensitization . 16
3.3. Light Microscopy .. 20
3.4. Electron Microscopy .. 21
3.5. Biochemical Analysis .. 22
4. Studies on Cell Function and Structure . 22
4.1. M ulticell ular Plants. . 22
4.2. Unicellular Organisms ..... . 23
4.3. Embryos and Eggs ....... . 25
4.4. Tissue Culture Cells-Ruby and Neodymium
Lasers ................... 26
4.5. Tissue Culture Cells-Argon Laser . . . . 27
4.6. Microbeam Studies on the Nervous System 37
5. Conclusion . . 37
Acknowledgments 38
References . . . . 38
xi