Laser Applications for Mechanical Industry

424 Pages·1993·33.88 MB·English

by  C. M. Banas (auth.), S. Martellucci, A. N. Chester, A. M. Scheggi (eds.)

Laser Applications for Mechanical Industry
NATO ASI Series
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Series E: Applied Sciences - Vol. 238
Laser Applications
for Mechanical Industry
edited by
S. Martellucci
The Second University of Rome,
Rome, Italy
A.N. Chester
Hughes Research Laboratories,
Malibu, California, U.S.A.
and
A.M. Scheggi
IROE-CNR
Florence, Italy
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Laser Applications for Mechanical Industry
Erice, Trapani, Italy
4-16 April, 1992
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Laser applications for mechanical industry / edited by S. Martellucci,
A.N. Chester, A.M. Scheggi.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series E, Applied sciences ; vol.
238)
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Inc 1 udes index.
ISBN 978-94-010-4879-8 ISBN 978-94-011-1990-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1990-0
1. Manufacturing processes—Equipment and supplies—Congresses.
2. Lasers--Industria 1 applications—Congresses. I. Martellucci, S.
II. Chester, A. N. III. Verga Scheggi, A. M. (Anna Maria)
IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs
Division. V. Series: NATO ASI series. Series E, Applied sciences ;
no. 238.
TS183.L37 1993
670.42--dc20 93-10592
ISBN 978-94-010-4879-8
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
©1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................................................... ix
I. Laser Materials Processing: Tutorials
Topics in High Power Laser Processing .................................................... , ..... .................. 3
C. M. Banas
High Average Power Solid State Lasers for Materials Processing
and Fiber Transmission ........................................ ........................................ 11
H. Weber
Laser Process Automation ................................................... ................ ........... ................... 31
W. M. Steen
H. Theoretical Foundations
Modeling of Laser Materials Processing ......... .................. ................... ....... ....................... 47
J.Mazumder and A. Kar
Analytical Model for Aberrated Diffraction in High Power C.W. Laser Beam Trains:
Laser Cavity to Work Piece ........................................................................... 77
J. R. Palmer, W. M. Steen and S. Martellucci
Analytical Model for Evaluating Dual Co-Axial Repetitive Pulsed and
C. W. Lasers in Drilling and Machining of Materials ................................ ...... 99
J. R. Palmer
HI. Laser Cutting and Welding Applications
Laser Machining of Composite Materials ......................................................................... 115
F. Jovane, A. Di Ilio, V. Tagliaferri and F. Veniali
Characteristics of Laser Heating of Materials .................... ,.............................................. 131
I. Yu. Smurov
vi
Laser Assisted Machining ................................................................................................ 151
I. Yu. Smurov and L. V. Okorokov
Heat Processes in Pulsed Laser Action ............................................................................. 165
I. Yu. Smurov and A. M. Lashin
Recent Development to Increase the Efficiency and Flexibility
of Laser Materials Processing ............. ............ .................... .... ......... ..... ........ 207
H. Hugel and F. Dausinger
Laser Welding Technology for Joining Different Sheet Metals
for One Piece Stamping .................... .............. ....... ............... ...... ....... ....... .... 219
Kazuo Azuma and Kimikazu Ikemoto
Laser Applications for 3·D Components:
Beam Delivery Systems and Robotics .......... .............. ............ ... ......... ..... ...... 235
L. Pera, P. Perlo, E. Rabino and G. Marinoni
Laser Blank Welding and Stamping of Sheet Metal Parts .................................................. 263
F.A. Di Pietro
Robotic Laser Welding Systems in Automotive Operations ............................................... 271
F. A. Di Pietro
Robotic Laser Cutting Systems. ...... .... ................... .......... ........................... ...................... 277
F. A. Di Pietro
Development of Laser Material Processing in Romania ............. ........................................ 283
I. I. Far~as
IV. Other Applications: Stereolithography, Surface Hardening,
3-D Surface Patterning, Manufacturing and Repairing
The Role of the Laser in Rapid Prototyping .................. ............ ...... .......... ......... ............... 293
L. Pera and G. Marinsek
Laser Surface Melting of Bearing Steels .......................................................... ................. 305
R. Cola~o and R. Vilar
Laser Beam Lithography for 3-D Surface Patterning ......................................................... 315
C. Arnone, C. Giaconia, C. Pace, S. Bonura and M. Greco
Laser Techniques in Power Plant Component Manufacturing and Repairing .................... 321
W. Cerri, L. Garifo and D. D'Angelo
vii
V. Laser Measurement Techniques
Video Speclde Interferometry:. An Optical Measuring Tool for Industry ......................... 327
O. J. Lgkberg
Adaptive Profilometry for Industrial Applications ...... ............ ......................................... 351
G. Sansoni, F. Docchio, U. Minoni and L. Biancardi
Electrooptical Systems and Techniques for Dimensional
Measurements for Industry .............................. ............................................ 365
F. Docchio, U. Minoni, G. Sansoni and E. Gelmini
Laser Velocimetry for Combustion ....... .......... ............ .............. .......... ............ ................ 381
D. F. G. Durao and M. V.Heitor
Industrial Applications of Holographic Interferometry ................. .................................. 403
N. H. Abramson
VI. Laser Safety
Laser Safety Devices for High Power C02 Laser Systems .............................................. 415
P.Gay
VII. INDEX
Index .................................................................................................................................................. 429
PREFACE
The NATO Advanced Study Institute "Laser Applications for Mechanical Industry" was
held April 4-16, 1992, in Erice, Sicily. This was the 17th conference organized by the
International School of Quantum Electronics, under the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Center
for Scientific Culture.
The present Proceedings give a tutorial introduction to today's most important industrial
applications of lasers, as well as a review of current results by leading researchers. We have
brought together some of the world's acknowledged experts in the field to summarize both the
present state of laser technologies and their background. Most of the lecturers attended all the
lectures and devoted their spare hours to stimulating discussions. We would like to thank them
all for their admirable contributions. The Institute also took advantage of a very active audience;
most of the participants were active researchers in the field and contributed with discussions and
seminars. Some of these seminars are also included in these Proceedings.
We did not modify the original manuscripts in editing this book, but we did group them
according to the following topics:
1) "Laser Material Processing: Tutorials" ;
2) "Theoretical Foundations" ;
3) "Laser Cutting and Welding Applications" ;
4) "Other Applications: Stereolithography, Surface Hardening, 3-D Surface Patterning,
Manufacturing and Repairing" ;
5) "Laser Measurement Techniques" ; and,
6) "Laser Safety" .
ix
x
The six sections provide a broad review of laser applications in modern industry by taking
some relevant examples from the automotive field where lasers have shown important
potentialities in conjunction with the technologies of optical fibers, automation, computing and
flexible manufacturing. These chapters, and the further references therein, should form a useful
guide to today's industrial laser technology, and the basis for future advances in those areas
where flexibility, automation, CAD/CAM integration, precision, cost reduction and time to
market are important factors.
Before concluding, we acknowledge the invaluable help of Luciano Pera, from FIAT
Research Centre, co-director of the conference. We are also grateful to Eugenio Chiarati for
much of the computer processing work. We also wish to mention with sincere thanks Margaret
Kyoko Hayashi, Maria Teresa Petruzzi and Vanna Cammelli, secretaries to the AS.!. Directors
(A.N.C., S.M. and AM.S., respectively). Finally, we acknowledge the organizations who
sponsored the conference, especially the generous fmancial support of the NATO AS.!.
Programme Committee.
The Directors of the A.S'!. :
Sergio Martellucci
Professor of Physics
The University of Rome "Tor Vergata"
Rome (Italy)
Arthur N. Chester
Vice President and Director
Hughes Research Laboratories
Malibu, California (USA)
Anna Maria Scheggi
Director of Research
CNR Electromagnetic Waves Institute
Florence (Italy)
February 15, 1993
LASER MATERIALS PROCESSING: TUTORIALS