Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939 PDF
Preview Las Derechas: The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939
Las Derechas The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, 1890-1939 LAS DERECHAS The Extreme Right in Argentina, Brazil and Chile, 1890-1939 SANDRA MCGEE DEUTSCH STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Stanford, California Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 1999 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University Printed in the United States of America cip data appear at the end of the book To my parents CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xiii Introduction i PART l: ANTECEDENTS, 1890-1914 1. Chile: The Decline of a Manly People n 2. A Polluted Argentina 26 3. Brazil: A Fractured Republic 38 4. Conclusion 54 PART 2: THE ERA OF THE LIGAS: WORLD WAR I TO THE MID-1920S 5. Chile: Defending the Fatherland 59 ^6. Argentinizing Labor 78 7. Against Anarchism: Brazilian Nationalism 107 8. Conclusion 137 viii Contents PART 3: THE ERA OF FASCISM: THE LATE 1920S TO 1939 9. Chile: Socialism for the Twentieth Century 143 — 10. Argentina: For Fatherland, Labor, and Social Justice 193 11. Brazil: A Revolution of the Heart and Soul 248 12. Conclusion 308 The Legacy 315 Notes 343 Bibliography 405 Index 463 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Researching and writing comparative history is a collaborative and compli cated effort. Most historians specialize in one country, and therefore to write knowledgeably about three, I turned to experts on other regions to lo cate sources, pinpoint useful lines of inquiry, and avoid grievous errors. I also relied on colleagues with broad vision to read the entire manuscript and ensure that it made sense. The need to consult archives and libraries in several nations meant heavy travel expenses. Thus, I incurred many debts of gratitude, more than would have been the case had I confined myself to one country. Various sources provided the funding necessary to conduct the re search and write the book. I thank the Center for Inter-American and Bor der Studies, University Research Institute, and the vice president for acade mic affairs at the University of Texas at El Paso. I also wish to thank the American Philosophical Society, the American Historical Association Bev eridge Award committee, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Council for International Educational Exchange Fulbright Program, and the American Council of Learned Societies for their generous support. Many colleagues contributed their time, insights, and materials. I want to express my deep appreciation to David Bushnell, Charles Bergquist, Rich ard Walter, and Ronald Newton for reading and commenting on the entire manuscript. My heartfelt thanks go to Jeff Lesser for acquainting me with many details of life and research in Brazil and reading large chunks of the manuscript, and to Jeffrey Needell, for his painstaking critique of an equally IX X Acknowledgments large portion. I also am extremely grateful to Carlos Maldonado for his hos pitality, assistance with sources, and comments on the Chilean subchapters. June Hahner was very generous in sharing her Brazilian contacts and exper tise, and Lolita Bruington and Selma Simonstein helped make my stays in Brazil and Chile pleasant and rewarding. I thank Ronald Dolkart, Paul Drake, and Joel Horowitz for reading the sections on their respective coun tries of specialization. I also am indebted to Anita Weinstein, Paul Drake, and Michael Hall for facilitating my research in Argentina, Chile, and Brazil, respectively. Howard Campbell, Max Kele, Paul Lewis, Margaret Power, Raanan Rein, Margaret Schellenberg, Rose Spalding, and Kathleen Staudt offered useful suggestions on various chapters, as did Asunción Lavrin, who also gave me some sources, and Cheryl Martin, whose encouragement has sustained me throughout this project. The following scholars supplied ma terials, provided ideas, and helped me attain access to sources: in Argentina, Dora Barrancos, Edgardo Bilsky, Federico Finchelstein, Floreal Forni, Noemi Girbal de Blacha, Raúl García Heras, José María Ghío, Adela Harispuru, Julio Irazusta, Fortunato Mallimaci, Carlos Mayo, Gershon Rabin, Eduardo Saguier, and Leo Senkman; in Brazil, José Murilo de Carvalho, Rony Cytry- nowicz, Nachman Falbel, René Gertz, Edgar Magalhäes, Marcos Chor Maio, Nancy Naro, Lúcia Lippi de Oliveira, and Hélgio Trindade; in Chile, Sofía Correa, Alicia Frohman, Joaquin Fermandois, Enrique Hermosilla, Tomás Moulián, Carlos Ruiz, René Salinas Meza, Verónica Valdivia, Maria Elena Valenzuela, and Manfred Wilhelmy; in the United States, Jonathan Ablard, María Piedad Alliende Edwards, Charles Ambler, Dain Borges, Lila Caimari, Thomas Cohen, Michael Conniff, Margaret Crahan, Alex De Grand, Geor gette Dorn, Elisa Fernández, Edward Gibson, David Hackett, Charles Hale, Ana Maria Kapelucz-Poppi, Charles Kenney, Joseph Love, Larry Lauerhass, Eul-Soo Pang, Karin Rosemblatt, William Sater, William Smith, Judith Swee ney, Steven Volk, and Barbara Weinstein; and in Canada, David Sheinin. I value this project not only for what it has taught me but for how it has cre ated and strengthened friendships across national boundaries. I am also indebted to archivists and librarians at many institutions. In Argentina, the personnel at the Archivo de La Prensa,, Archivo General de la Nación, Archivo Gráfico de la Nación, Biblioteca Nacional, Biblioteca Juan B. Justo, Biblioteca del Consejo Deliberante, Biblioteca del Instituto di Telia, Biblioteca Tornquist, Centro de Documentación e Información sobre Ju daismo Argentino wMarc Turkow,” Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas Archivo de Prensa, libraries of the Colegio de Escribanos and
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