Large Scale Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants for Identification of Potential Antibacterial ...

20 Pages·2016·1.18 MB·English

molecules
Article
Large Scale Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants for
Identification of Potential Antibacterial Compounds
SujogyaKumarPanda1,YugalKishoreMohanta2,LaxmipriyaPadhi1,Young-HwanPark3,
TapanKumarMohanta4,*andHanhongBae3,*
1 DepartmentofZoology,NorthOrissaUniversity,Baripada,Odisha757003,India;
[email protected](S.K.P.);[email protected](L.P.)
2 DepartmentofBotany,NorthOrissaUniversity,Baripada,Odisha757003,India;[email protected]
3 SchoolofBiotechnology,YeungnamUniversity,Gyeongsan712749,Korea;[email protected]
4 FreeMajorofNaturalSciences,CollegeofBasicStudies,YeungnamUniversity,Gyeongsan712749,Korea
* Correspondance:[email protected](T.K.M.);[email protected](H.B.);
Tel.:[phone](T.K.M.);[phone](H.B.)
AcademicEditors:PeterJ.Rutledge,DerekJ.McPheeandJean-MarcSabatier
Received:18January2016;Accepted:25February2016;Published:14March2016
Abstract:Theglobalburdenofbacterialinfectionsisveryhighandhasbeenexacerbatedbyincreasing
resistancetomultipleantibiotics. Antibioticresistanceleadstofailedtreatmentofinfections,which
can ultimately lead to death. To overcome antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to identify new
antibacterialagents. Inthisstudy,atotalof662plantextracts(diverseparts)from222plantspecies
(82families,177genera)werescreenedforantibacterialactivityusingtheagarcupplatemethod.
Theaqueousandmethanolicextractswerepreparedfromdiverseplantpartsandscreenedagainst
eightbacterial(twoGram-positiveandsixGram-negative)species,mostofwhichareinvolvedin
commoninfectionswithmultipleantibioticresistance. Themethanolicextractsofseveralplantswere
showntohavezonesofinhibitioně12mmagainstbothGram-positiveandGram-negativebacteria.
Theminimuminhibitoryconcentrationwascalculatedonlywithmethanolicextractsofselectedplants,
thoseshowedzoneofinhibitioně12mmagainstbothGram-positiveandGram-negativebacteria.
Severalextractshadminimuminhibitoryconcentrationď1mg/mL.SpecificallyAdhatodavasica,
Ageratumconyzoides,Alangiumsalvifolium,Alpiniagalanga,Andrographispaniculata,Anogeissuslatifolia,
Annonasquamosa,A.reticulate,Azadirachtaindica,Buchananialanzan,Cassiafistula,Celastruspaniculatus,
Centellaasiatica,Clausenaexcavate,Cleomeviscosa,Cleistanthuscollinus,Clerodendrumindicum,Croton
roxburghii,Diospyrosmelanoxylon,Eleutherinebulbosa,Erycibepaniculata,Eryngiumfoetidum,Garcinia
cowa,Helicteresisora,Hemidesmusindicus,Holarrhenaantidysenterica,Lanneacoromandelica,Millettia
extensa, Mimusops elengi, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Oroxylum indicum, Paederia foetida, Pterospermum
acerifolium,Punicagranatum,Semecarpusanacardium,Spondiaspinnata,TerminaliaalataandVitexnegundo
wereshowntohavesignificantantimicrobialactivity. Thespecieslistedherewereshowntohave
anti-infectiveactivityagainstbothGram-positiveandGram-negativebacteria. Theseresultsmay
serveasaguideforselectingplantspeciesthatcouldyieldthehighestprobabilityoffindingpromising
compoundsresponsiblefortheantibacterialactivitiesagainstabroadspectrumofbacterialspecies.
Furtherinvestigationofthephytochemicalsfromtheseplantswillhelptoidentifytheleadcompounds
fordrugdiscovery.
Keywords: multipleantibioticresistances;humanpathogens;antibacterialactivity;medicinalplants
1. Introduction
Medicinalplantshavelongbeenusedtotreatdiseases[1,2]. Plantsarecommonlyusedassources
ofnewpharmaceuticalsduetothepresenceofpromisingtherapeuticcompounds. Infectiousdiseases
Molecules2016,21,293;doi:10.3390/molecules21030293 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
Molecules2016,21,293 2of20
playasignificantroleinthedeathsofmillionsofpeopleworldwide,inpartduetothemutagenic
natureofthebacterialgenome. Moreover,theexchangeanduptakeofplasmidsamongbacteriaresults
inthedevelopmentofmultipleantibioticresistantstrains. Antimicrobialsfromdifferentplantshave
enormoustherapeuticpotentialandlessersideeffectsthansyntheticantibiotics[3,4]. Accordingly,
itisdesirableandessentialtodevelopaneffective,safeandnaturalproducttocontrolmultipledrug
resistance(MDR)pathogens. Medicinalplantscontainactiveprinciplesgeneratedbyvariousnatural
metabolic processes and each plant species has its own metabolome that governs the presence of
chemicalcomponentsorbioactivemolecules[5].
Indiaisoneoftherichestcountriesintheworldwithregardstothegeneticresourceofmedicinal
plants[6]. Thecountryhasawiderangeoftopographyandclimate,whichinfluencesitsvegetation
andfloristiccomposition. Worldwidesearchesforantimicrobialagentscontinuedtofocusonlower
plants, fungi and bacteria [7]. There are many approaches that can be used to select plants of
potentialtherapeuticinterest[8]. Compoundscanbeidentifiedthroughrandom,ethno-(including
ethnobotanical,ethnomedicalandethnopharmacological)andecologicalsearches[9]. Therandom
collection of plant samples from certain habitats with high species diversity (for example tropical
rainforests)canbeveryusefulforidentificationofnovelchemicalentities. However,thismethodis
timeconsumingandlaborintensive[10]. Thiskindofsamplingismostlikelytobeusedinindustry
to evaluate the industrial approach and most likely to be used for evaluating plants for bioactive
compounds[9].
Severalstudieshaveprovidedevidencethattheantimicrobialcompoundsisolatedfromdifferent
solventextractsneverprovidedtheexpectedfinaloutputbasedontheactivityofcrudeextractsand
fractions[11,12]. Thisisprobablybecausedifferentplantmetabolitesoftenworkincombinationwith
othercompoundstoregulatemicrobialinfectionsandmaythereforenotbeeffectivealone[13]. For
thesereasons,weinvestigatedalargenumberofplantspeciesthathavenotyetbeenexaminedfortheir
antimicrobialactivities. Thesolvent(extractionagent)usedtopreparephytopharmaceuticalsmust
beabletodissolveallkeyphytoconstituents,whichshouldbenontoxicandeasytoremovethrough
excretion. Traditionalhealerstypicallyuseaqueousextracts. Theactivityofeffectiveaqueousextracts
usedbytraditionalhealersisbasedonindirecteffectsthatworkbystimulatingtheimmunesystemof
thehostratherthankillingthepathogens[12]. Therefore,inthepresentstudy,anaqueousextractwas
usedinthepreliminaryscreening(agardiffusionmethod). Itisbelievedthatmethanolcouldefficiently
penetratethecellmembranes,permittingtheextractionofhighamountsofendocellularcomponents
incontrasttolowpolaritysolventssuchaschloroformandpetroleumetherwhichcanonlyextract
extracellularmaterial. Methanolprimarilydissolvespolarconstituentstogetherwithmediumandlow
polaritycompoundsextractedbycosolubilization. Therefore,thepresentinvestigationwasconducted
toevaluateboththeaqueousandmethanolic(80%)extractsofdifferentplantsbelongingtoawide
rangeoffamiliesbasedonrandomsampling. Theresultpresentedhereinwillbeusefultofurther
searchofnovelplantswithantibacterialproperties.
2. ResultsandDiscussion
Atotalof222plantspecies(177genera)collectedfromMayurbhanj,Odisha,Indiawerescreened
usingtheagarcupplatemethod. Screenedsampleswereselectedbasedonrandomscreeningand
ethnomedicinaluses[14]. Eightspeciesofbacteria(twoGram-positiveandsixGram-negative),mostly
involvedincommoninfectionssuchasgastroenteritis,diarrhea,dysentery,skindiseases,andfoodand
watercontamination,wereusedtoscreenforantimicrobialactivity. Twodifferentsolvents: methanol
(80%)andwaterwereusedtopreparethecrudeextractsofdifferentspeciesforscreening(Table1).
ThezonesofinhibitionshownbyeachplantarelistedinTable2. Intotal,258partsbelonging
to222species,177genusand83families(258methanolextracts+258aqueousextracts)weretested
forantibacterialproperties. Ofthem,125leafextracts,19barkextracts,eightwholeplantextracts,
fourstemextracts,fourrootextracts,threefruitextracts,threerhizomeextractsandonebulbpart
showedanti-bacterialactivity. Atotalof165methanolextractswerefoundtobeactiveagainstthe
tested strains (at least one or more bacterial strain) while the results with aqueous extracts were
comparativelyfewer(127).
Molecules2016,21,293 3of20
Table1.Summaryofantibacterialactivityamongthetestplants.
No.ofExtractsReportedasAntibacterial(%)
Scrutiny
Element MethanolExtract AqueousExtract
Totalnumberofplantspeciestested—22 Grampositive 146(56.58%) 89(34.49%)
TotalnumberofGenustested—177 Gramnegative 137(53.10%) 102(39.53%)
Totalnumberoffamilytested—83 B.cereus 108(41.86%) 50(19.37%)
Totalnumberofpartstested=258 S.aureus 124(48.06%) 76(29.45%)
Leaves-125;Bark-19;Wholepart-08;Stem-04 E.coli 68(26.35%) 45(17.44%)
Root-04;Rhizome-03;Fruit-03andBulb-01 S.typhimurium 65(25.19%) 41(15.89%)
Totalnumberofmethanolextractsactive—165 S.dysentriae 50(19.37%) 22(8.52%)
Totalnumberofaqueousextractsactive—127 S.flexneri 66(25.58%) 28(10.85%)
Numberofspeciesdonotshowactivity—90species S.sonnei 47(18.21%) 24(9.30%)
Numberofextractsdonotshowactivity V.cholerae 72(27.90%) 38(14.72%)
(93methanol+131aqueous=224) Zoneě20mm 10(3.87%) 0
Totalnumberoffamilyshowactivity—68 Zone15–20mm 34(13.17%) 9(3.48%)
Totalnumberoffamilydonotshowactivity—15 Zone<15 160(62.01%) 121(46.89%)
Table2.ResultsofscreeningofplantsfromNorthernOdisha,India.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Acanthaceae
Andrographispaniculata A 14 12 11 10 12 - 14 -
Lf
(Burm.f.)Nees M 12 12 14 13 - 12 16 -
A 12 12 12 12 - - - -
St
M 12 14 16 - 10 14 15 10
A 12 12 - - - - - -
BarleriacristataL. Lf
M 14 18 - - - - - -
Lf A 11 10 - 12 12 - 12 11
AdhatodavasicaNees
M 14 12 10 10 10 10 12 10
Acoraceae
Rh A - - - - - - - 09
AcoruscalamusL.
M 12 18 - - - 10 - 12
Alangiaceae
Alangiumsalvifolium Lf A 12 10 10 - - - - -
(C.B.Clarke)W.W.Sm.&Cave M 14 16 12 12 12 12 - -
Lf A - - - - - - - -
Alpiniagalangal(Linn.)Wild.
M 14 12 10 10 - 16 - 14
Amaranthaceae
Wp A - - - 11 - - - 09
AchyranthesasperaL.
M 14 12 12 12 - - - 08
Wp A - - - - - - - -
AchyranthesbidentataL.Blume
M 12 12 - - - - - -
Lf A - - - - - - - -
CyathulaprostrataL.Blume
M - - - - - - - 10
Anacardiaceae
Bk A 15 12 - - - - - -
BuchananialanzanSpreng
M 16 14 - 13 - 12 14 10
Lanneacoromandelica Bk A 12 12 - 09 10 - - -
(Houtt.)Merr. M - 12 - 14 10 10 - 10
Lf A - - - - - - - -
MangiferaindicaL.
M 10 14 - - - - - -
Fr A 11 14 - 12 - - - -
SemecarpusanacardiumL.f.
M 12 15 - 13 - 14 - 11
Lf A - - 10 - - - - -
Spondiaspinnata(L.f.)Kurz
M 10 14 11 12 - 14 - 13
Molecules2016,21,293 4of20
Table2.Cont.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Annonaceae
Lf A - - - - - 12 - 12
AnnonareticulataL.
M 12 12 - - 12 13 - 12
Lf A - 12 - - - - 12 -
AnnonasquamosaL.
M 13 16 - - 12 - 14 12
Apiaceae
Wp A 12 12 10 - - - - 10
Centellaasiatica(L.)Urb.
M 13 14 10 - 12 - 12 14
Lf A 09 12 12 - 13 - 11 -
EryngiumfoetidumL.
M 10 14 13 - 13 - 12 -
St A 11 13 12 - - - 09 -
M 12 18 14 - 12 12 11 10
Apocyanaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
Alstoniascholaris(L.)R.Br.
M 14 11 - - - 10 - 12
Lf A - - - - - - - -
AlstoniavenenataR.Br.
M 12 - - - - 14 - 10
Holarrhenaantidysenterica Lf A 18 12 12 14 - - 11 -
Wallex.A.DC. M 15 12 12 14 - 12 12 12
Ichnocarpusfrutescens(L.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
W.T.Aiton M 12 11 - - - - 12 -
Rauvolfiaserpentina(L.) Rt A - - - - - - - -
Benth.exKurz M - - 10 - - - 12 -
Araceae
Rh A - - 09 - 12 - - 09
AcoruscalamusL.
M - - 12 12 14 - - 12
Aristolochiaceae
Lf A - 12 - - - - - -
AristolochiaindicaL.
M 12 10 - - 10 10 - -
Asclepiadaceae
Calotropisprocera Lt A - 12 - - - - - 12
(Aiton)Dryand. M - 14 - - - - - 12
Pergulariademia Lf A - - - - - - 12 -
(Forssk.)Chiov. M 11 12 - - - - 13 11
Hemidesmusindicus(L.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
R.Br.exSchult. M 16 12 18 - - 14 13 13
St A - - - - - - 12 -
M 14 - - - - - 14 -
Asteraceae
Wp A - 11 12 12 11 - 12 -
Ageratumconyzoides(L.)L.
M 10 16 10 12 - 13 12 10
Lf A - - - - - - - -
Blumealacera(Burm.f.)DC.
M - 12 - - - - - -
Chrysanthellumamericanum Lf A 10 12 - - - - - -
(L.)Vatke M 11 13 - - - - - -
Lf A 14 10 - - 11 - 08 -
ElephantopusscaberL.
M 12 12 - - 14 11 10 9
Lf A - - - - - - - 13
Tridaxprocumbens(L.)L.
M 13 14 - - - 11 - 12
Lf A 09 12 - - - - - -
Vernoniaaspera(Roxb.)Ham.
M 11 14 - - - - - -
Vernoniasquarrosa Lf A - - - - 12 - - 10
DinterexMerxm. M - - - - 11 - - 12
Baccharoidesanthelmintica Lf A - - 10 - - - - 10
(L.)Moench M - - 14 - - - - 12
Molecules2016,21,293 5of20
Table2.Cont.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Bignoniaceae
Bk A 12 10 - - - 12 12 -
Oroxylumindicum(L.)Kurz
M 14 12 - - 13 12 16 14
Caesalpiniaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
BauhiniavariegataL.
M 11 10 - - - - - -
Lf A 13 12 10 09 11 12 08 12
CassiafistulaL.
M 12 14 12 12 10 14 12 13
Lf A - 12 10 11 - - - -
CassiaoccidentalisL.
M - 11 12 - - - - -
Lf A - - - - - - - -
CassiatoraL.
M - 12 12 - 12 - - -
Lf A - - - - - - - -
Saracaasoca(Roxb.)Willd.
M - 10 - - - - - -
Lf A 10 11 - 10 - - - 12
TamarindusindicaL.
M 12 10 08 12 - - - 14
Calophyllaceae
Lf A 12 10 10 12 12 - 12 -
MesuaferreaL.
M 12 10 10 10 12 - 12 -
Capparaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
CappariszeylanicaL.
M - 10 - - - - - -
Lf A 10 11 - - 10 - - -
CleomeviscosaL.
M 17 12 12 - 11 13 12 10
Celastraceae
Lf A - 12 - - - 13 - 15
CelastruspaniculatusWilld.
M 12 16 10 10 - 15 - 18
Lf A - 12 12 12 - - - 13
EuonymusglaberRoxb.
M 12 20 14 16 - 12 - 16
Clusiaceae
Lf A 12 11 10 14 - 12 - -
GarciniacowaRoxb.exChoisy
M 12 13 10 12 10 10 12 10
Cochlospermaceae
Cochlospermumreligiosum(L.) Lf A - - - - - - -
Alston M - 10 - - - - -
Combretaceae
Anogeissuslatifolia(Roxb.ex Lf A 12 11 10 12 12 - - -
DC.)Wall.ExGuillem.&Perr. M 14 08 11 12 12 10 - 11
Lf A - - - - - - - -
CombretumroxburghiiSpreng.
M - 22 - - 12 14 - 16
Bk A - - - - - 12 - 14
TerminaliaalataHeyneexRoth
M 14 12 - - - 11 12 12
Terminaliaarjuna(Roxb.exDC.) Bk A - 12 - 12 14 11 11 12
Wight&Arn. M 11 12 10 12 15 12 14 14
Terminaliabellirica(Gaertn.) Bk A 10 12 11 13 - - 10 -
Roxb. M - 14 - 12 - - - -
Bk A - - - - - - - -
TerminaliachebulaRetz.
M 12 - - - - 12 10 -
Terminaliatomentosa Lf A - - - - - - - 10
Wight&Arn. M 13 10 12 14 - 12 - 12
Commelinaceae
Lf A 14 - 12 - - - -
CommelinapaludosaBlume
M 11 10 - 13 - - - -
Molecules2016,21,293 6of20
Table2.Cont.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Convolvulaceae
Lf A - 10 - - - - - 10
ErycibepaniculataRoxb.
M 10 10 12 12 - - - 14
Crassulaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
Kalanchoepinnata(Lam.)Pers.
M 12 12 - - - - - -
Cucurbitaceae
Lf A - 12 - 11 - - - -
Cocciniagrandis(L.)Voigt
M 12 11 - 12 - 12 - -
Lf A 10 - - - - - - -
MomordicacharantiaL.
M 10 - - - 12 12 - -
Cyperaceae
Lf A 11 10 - 10 - - - -
CyperusrotundusL.
M 13 12 - 12 10 - - -
Dilleniaceae
Lf A 12 - - 12 - - - -
DilleniapentogynaRoxb.
M 10 12 - 12 12 - 10 -
Dipterocarpaceae
Lf A 10 - - - - 12 - 11
ShorearobustaGaertn.
M 12 - - 12 - 12 - 13
Ebenaceae
Diospyrosmalabarica(Desr.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
Kostel M 11 - - 12 - - - -
Lf A - - 10 11 - - 12 -
DiospyrosmelanoxylonRoxb.
M 10 15 18 12 - - 14 -
Bk A 14 10 10 12 - 12 13 11
M 15 11 22 16 - 10 16 10
Lf A - - - - - 10 - -
DiospyrosmontanaRoxb.
M 12 - - - - 10 - 10
Lf A - 12 - - - - - -
DiospyrossylvaticaRoxb.
M 14 14 10 20 - 14 - 18
Euphorbiaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
AntidesmaghaesembillaGaertn.
M 13 12 - - - - - -
Cleistanthuscollinus(Roxb.) Lf A 12 10 12 - - 12 - 12
BenthexHook.f. M 10 12 14 14 - 12 10 12
Lf A - - - - - - - -
CrotoncaudatusGeiseler
M 10 - - - - - - -
Lf A 10 16 10 - 12 12 - 13
CrotonroxburghiiWall.
M 12 14 17 15 15 13 12 10
Bk A - 12 15 14 - - 14 -
CrotonroxburghiiWall.
M 12 14 20 15 - - 17 -
Lf A - 12 10 10 - - - -
EmblicaofficinalisGaertn.
M 11 10 12 - 12 - - -
Lf A - 10 12 - 10 12 - -
EuphorbiahirtaL.
M 10 - 14 - 12 10 - -
Lf A - - - - - - - -
JatrophagossypiifoliaL.
M - - 10 12 - - - -
Macarangapeltata(Roxb.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
Mull.Arg. M - - 10 - - - - -
Mallotusphilippensis(Lam.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
Mull.Arg. M 12 14 - - - - - -
Phyllanthusfraternus Wp A - - - - - - - 10
G.L.Webster M - - - - - - - -
Lf A 12 - - - - 10 10 -
RicinuscommunisL.
M 10 14 - 12 10 12 12 10
Molecules2016,21,293 7of20
Table2.Cont.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Flacourtiaceae
Flacourtiajangomas(Lour.) Lf A - 12 10 - - 12 - 11
Raeusch. M - 12 12 - - - - -
Fabaceae
Lf A - 10 - - - - - -
Buteamonsperma(Lam.)Taub.
M 12 10 - - - - - -
Lf A - 10 10 10 - - - -
ButeasuperbaRoxb.
M 12 10 10 - - - - -
Lf A - - - - - - - -
ClitoriaternateaL.
M - 10 - - - - - -
Bk A - - - - - - - -
DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.
M - 12 12 - - - - -
Bk A - - - - - - - -
DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
M - 12 - - - - - -
Lf A 12 - 08 - 10 - - -
Desmodiumgangeticum(L.)DC.
M 10 12 10 10 12 - - -
Desmodiumoojeinense(Roxb.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
H.Ohashi M - 10 - - - - - -
Desmodiumpulchellum(L.) Lf A - - 10 - - - - -
Benth. M - 12 12 - - - - -
Rt A 15 11 - - - 12 - 10
FlemingiananaRoxb.
M 14 12 10 10 - 12 - 12
Bk A - 11 - - - - - 10
Glycyrrhizaglabra(L.)
M 12 10 - - - - - 18
Lf A - - - - - - - -
IndigoferacassioidesDC.
M 14 12 - 10 - - - 10
Lf A - 11 - 09 - - - -
IndigoferaglabraL.
M - - - - - - - -
Lf A - 12 - - - - - -
Millettiaextensa(Benth)Baker
M 11 14 20 - 10 11 - -
Bk A - 12 - 10 - 10 - -
PterocarpusmarsupiumRoxb.
M 12 - - 12 - 14 - -
Fr A - - - 12 - - - -
Tephrosiapurpurea(L.)Pers.
M - - - 10 - - - -
Gentianaceae
Wp A - - - - - - - -
CanscoradecurrensDaizell
M - 12 09 - - - - -
Iridaceae
Bl A 18 16 10 17 - 12 - -
Eleutherinebulbosa(Mill.)Urb.
M 25 18 14 15 11 17 - -
Lamiaceae
Lf A 12 - - - - - - -
Hyptissuaveolens(L.)Poit.
M 14 - - - - - - -
Lf A - 09 - - 10 - - -
OcimumamericanumL.
M - 10 - - 12 - - 12
Lf A - - - 10 10 - - -
OcimumsanctumL.
M - 12 - 10 10 - 10 -
Lauraceae
Litseaglutinosa(Lour.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
C.B.Rob. M - - 10 11 - - - -
Leguminosae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
AbrusprecatoriusL.
M - 12 - - - - - -
Fr A - - - - - - - -
M - - - - - - 12 -
Molecules2016,21,293 8of20
Table2.Cont.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Linaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
LinumusitatissimumL.
M - 10 - - - - - -
Loranthaceae
Dendrophthoefalcata(L.f.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
Ettingsh. M - 10 - - - - - -
Lythraceae
Lf A - - 10 12 - - - -
Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.
M - 12 12 - - - - -
Malvaceae
Lf A - 10 - - - - - -
SidaacutaBurm.f.
M - 14 14 - - - - -
Sidacordata(Burm.f.) Wp A - - - - - - - -
Borss.Waalk. M 12 10 - - - - - -
Marattiaceae
Angiopterisevecta(G.Forst.) Lf A - - - - - - - -
Hoffm. M - 12 - - - 14 - 13
Melastomataceae
Bk A - 10 - - - - - 10
MelastomamalabathricumL.
M - 16 - - 16 - - 20
Meliaceae
Bk A 15 - 10 - - 10 - -
AzadirachtaindicaA.Juss.
M 16 11 12 - 12 15 - 12
Menispermaceae
Rt A - - - 12 - 10 - -
CissampelospareiraL.
M 12 12 12 14 10 12 - 10
Mimosoideae
Acacialeucophloea(Roxb.) Lf A - - - 09 - - - -
Willd. M 14 - 10 14 12 - - 10
Moraceae
Bk A - - 12 - - - - -
FicusracemosaL.
M 16 - 14 12 - - 10 14
Moringaceae
Lf A - 19 18 - - 15 - 08
MoringaoleaferaLam.
M 11 16 12 12 10 14 12 12
Myrsinaceae
Lf A - 10 10 - - - - -
Ardisiasolanacea(Poir.)Roxb.
M 10 12 12 10 - 14 - -
Myrtaceae
Bk A - - - - - - - -
EucalyptuscitriodoraHook.
M - - - - 11 10 - -
Lf A - 11 - 12 - - - -
PsidiumguajavaL.
M - 12 - 14 - - - -
Lf A - 10 - - 09 - - 10
Syzygiumcumini(L.)Skeels
M 14 11 - - 12 - - 11
Lf A - 12 - - - - - 10
Syzygiumjambos(L.)Alston
M - 10 - - - - 10 12
Oleaceae
Lf A - 14 10 12 - - 10 10
Nyctanthesarbor-tristisL.
M 20 22 15 10 - - 18 13
Bk A 10 10 10 14 - - 10 10
M 22 14 22 11 - 15 18
Molecules2016,21,293 9of20
Table2.Cont.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Onagraceae
Ludwigiaoctovalvis(Jacq.) Lf A - 09 - - - - - -
P.H.Raven M - 12 - - - - - -
Papaveraceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
ArgemonemexicanaL.
M - - - - - - - 12
Peripiocaceae
Hemidesmusindicus(L.) Lf A 11 - 12 - 10 - - -
R.Br.exSchult. M 12 10 13 - 10 - - -
Polypodiaceae
St A - - - - - - - -
Drynariaquercifolia(L.)J.Sm.
M 12 15 - - - - - -
Punicaceae
Lf A 10 12 10 12 - 12 - 14
PunicagranatumL.
M 17 12 - 10 - 10 - 12
Rhamnaceae
Lf A - 10 - - - - - -
ZiziphusmauritianaLam.
M - 12 - - 10 - - -
Rubiaceae
Anthocephaluschinensis Lf A - 10 12 - - - - -
(Lam.)Hassk. M - 12 12 - 10 - - -
Canthiumdicoccum Lf A 10 - - - - - - -
(Gaertn.)Merr. M 14 - - - - - - -
Lf A 10 - - - - - - -
Ixorapavetta Andr.
M 10 10 - - - 10 - -
Mitragynaparvifolia Lf A - - - - - - - 08
(Roxb.)Korth. M 11 08 - - - 10 - 12
Lf A - - - - - - - 08
Paederiafoetida L.
M 12 12 - - - 12 - 12
Lf A 12 - - 10 - 10 - -
Wendlandiatinctoria(Roxb.)DC
M - - - 10 10 12 - -
Rutaceae
Acronychiapedunculata (L.) Lf A - 10 - - - - - -
Miq. M - 12 - - 12 - - -
Lf A - 10 - - - - - -
Aeglemarmelos(L.)Correa
M - 12 - - - 12 - 10
Lf A - - - - - - - -
CitrusaurantiumL.
M 10 12 - - - - - -
Lf A 11 09 - 14 - - - -
Clausenaexcavate Burm.f.
M 13 12 14 12 - - - 12
Lf A 12 10 - - - 12 - -
Murrayakoenigii(L.)Spreng.
M 12 - - - - 10 - -
Sapindaceae
Lf A - 10 - - - 12 - -
Schleicheraoleosa(Lour.)Merr.
M - - - - - 10 - -
Sapotaceae
Madhucalongifolia Lf A 12 10 - - - 12 - -
(J.KoenigexL.)J.F.Macbr. M - - - - - 10 - -
Lf A - 10 - - - 12 - -
MimusopselengiL.
M 11 - - - - 10 - -
Scrophulariaceae
Lf A 12 10 - - 09 - - -
ScopariadulcisL.
M 14 12 - 10 11 - - -
Molecules2016,21,293 10of20
Table2.Cont.
ZoneofInhibitioninmm
PlantDescription
PU E Bc Sa Ec St Sd Sf Ss Vc
Solanaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
DaturametelL.
M - - - 12 10 - - -
Lf A - - - 10 - - - -
SolanumvirginianumL.
M - 10 - 11 - - - -
Sterculiaceae
Lf A - - - 12 - - - -
HelicteresisoraL.
M 11 10 - 10 - - - -
Rt A - - - 10 - - - -
M 12 11 12 12 - - 12 13
Pterospermumacerifolium(L.) Lf A - - - 12 - - 12 -
Willd. M 15 11 10 15 - 14 10 -
Pterospermumxylocarpum Lf A - - - - - - - -
(Gaertn.)Sant.&Wagh M - 12 - - - - - -
Tilliaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
Grewiaelastica Royle
M - - - - 13 - 10 -
Ulmaceae
Lf A - 10 - - - - - -
Tremaorientalis(L.)Blume
M 15 12 - - - - - -
Verbenaceae
Clerodendrumindicum(L.) Lf A - 10 10 - 14 - 10 -
Kuntze M 12 14 12 - 12 11 10 09
Lf A 14 - - - - - - -
Clerodendrumviscosum Vent.
M 13 - - - - - 10 -
Lf A - - 12 - - - - -
LantanacamaraL.
M - - - - - - 10 -
Lf A 10 12 10 - - - - -
Vitexnegundo L.
M 18 16 12 10 - - 18 14
Bk A 12 12 10 12 - - 10 10
M 14 13 18 17 - - 12 16
Vitaceae
Lf A - - - - - - - -
Leeaindica (Burm.f.)Merr.
M - - 12 - - 10 - -
Wp A - - - - - - - -
Cissusquadrangularis L.
M - - 10 - - - - 10
Zingiberaceae
Lf A - - - - - 10 - -
CurcumaanguistifoliaRoxb.
M - - - 10 - 08 - 08
Rh A - - - - - - - -
Curcumaaromatic Salisb.
M 11 - - - - - - 12
Lf A - - - - - - - -
KaempferiarotundaL.
M 13 - - - - - 11 -
Antibiotic-Ciprofloxacin 22 16 16 24 20 26 23 R
Antibiotic-Gentamicin 27 24 26 18 22 24 21 20
PU.Partsused;E.Extract;A.Aqueous;M.Methanol;Fl.flower;Fr.fruit;Lf.leaf;Bk.bark;Rt.root;Rh.rhizome;
St.stem;Sd.seeds;Wp.wholeplant;Bacterialspecies:Bc.B.cereus;Sa.S.aureus;Ec.E.coli;St.S.typhimurium;
Sd.S.dysentriae;Sf.S.flexneri;Ss.S.sonnei;Vc.V.cholera.
About146methanolextractsshowedantibacterialactivityagainstGram-positive(56.58%)bacteria,
while137extractswereactiveagainstGram-negativebacteria(53.10%)(Table3). Similarly89aqueous
extractsshowedantibacterialactivityagainstGram-positive(34.49%)speciesfollowedby102extracts
againstGram-negativebacteria(39.53%). Amongthem,10methanolextractsampleswerestrongly