Large-Scale Ecology: Model Systems to Global Perspectives PDF
Preview Large-Scale Ecology: Model Systems to Global Perspectives
ADVANCES IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH Series Editors GUY WOODWARD Professor of Ecology Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Buckhurst Road Ascot Berkshire SL5 7PY United Kingdom DAVID A. BOHAN Directeur de Recherche UMR 1347 Agro(cid:1)ecologie AgroSup/UB/INRA Po^le GESTAD, Dijon, France ALEX J. DUMBRELL School of Biological Sciences University of Essex Wivenhoe Park, Colchester Essex, United Kingdom AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,London,EC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Firstedition2016 ©2016ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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ISBN:978-0-08-100935-2 ISSN:0065-2504 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher:ZoeKruze AcquisitionEditor:AlexWhite EditorialProjectManager:HeleneKabes ProductionProjectManager:RadhakrishnanLakshmanan CoverDesigner:GregHarris TypesetbySPiGlobal,India CONTRIBUTORS T.Aavik InstituteofEcologyandEarthSciences,UniversityofTartu,Tartu,Estonia M.Ackermann Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf;ETH Zu€rich,EnvironmentalSystemsScience,Zu€rich,Switzerland F.Altermatt Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf;Universityof Zurich,Zu€rich,Switzerland L.C.Andresen UniversityofGothenburg,Gothenburg,Sweden;Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen,Gießen, Germany N.V.Angelopoulos UniversityofHull,Hull,UnitedKingdom P.Bata´ry Georg-August-University,Go€ttingen,Germany J.R.Bell RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom J.Bengtsson SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden F.Berendse WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,TheNetherlands M.C.Bilton UniversityofTu€bingen,Tu€bingen,Germany R.Bommarco SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden A.D.Buijse Deltares,Delft,TheNetherlands F.J.Burdon Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf,Switzerland E.Chauvet EcoLab,UniversityofToulouse,CNRS,INPT,UPS,Toulouse,France I.M.Clark RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom L.Clement SchoolofLifeSciencesWeihenstephan,TechnischeUniversit€atMu€nchen,Freising, Germany xi xii Contributors I.G.Cowx UniversityofHull,Hull,UnitedKingdom G.deDato CouncilforAgriculturalResearchandEconomics–ForestryResearchCentre(CREA-SEL), Arezzo,Italy M.Dobson APEMLimited,EdinburghTechnopole,Penicuik,UnitedKingdom J.S.Dukes PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN,UnitedStates A.J.Dumbrell SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UnitedKingdom I.Durance CardiffWaterResearchInstitute,SchoolofBiosciences,CardiffUniversity,Cardiff, UnitedKingdom R.I.L.Eggen Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf;ETH Zu€rich,InstituteofBiogeochemistryandPollutantDynamics,Zu€rich,Switzerland S.Eggers SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden A.Elosegi FacultyofScienceandTechnology,UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Bilbao,Spain M.Emmerson InstituteofGlobalFoodSecurity,SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Queen’sUniversityBelfast, Belfast,UnitedKingdom B.A.Emmett CenterforEcologyandHydrology(CEH),Bangor,UnitedKingdom M.Estiarte CSIC,GlobalEcologyUnitCREAF-CSIC-UAB;CREAF,CerdanyoladelValle`s, Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain V.Ferreira MARE,UniversityofCoimbra,Coimbra,Portugal T.Fleituch InstituteofNatureConservation,PolishAcademyofSciences,Krakow,Poland N.Friberg NorwegianInstituteforWaterResearch(NIVA),Oslo,Norway;water@leeds,Schoolof Geography,UniversityofLeeds,Leeds,UnitedKingdom M.O.Gessner LeibnizInstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries;BerlinInstituteofTechnology, Berlin,Germany Contributors xiii P.S.Giller SchoolofBiological,EarthandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityCollegeCork,Cork, Ireland M.A.S.Grac¸a MARE,UniversityofCoimbra,Coimbra,Portugal C.Gray ImperialCollegeLondon,Ascot,Berkshire;SchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences, QueenMaryUniversityofLondon,London,UnitedKingdom A.S.Gregory RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom I.Guerrero TerrestrialEcologyGroup(TEG),UniversidadAuto´nomadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain V.Gulis CoastalCarolinaUniversity,Conway,SC,UnitedStates N.J.Hawkins RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom B.Helmuth NortheasternUniversity,MarineScienceCenter,Nahant,MA,UnitedStates A.G.Hildrew SchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences,QueenMaryUniversityofLondon,London; FreshwaterBiologicalAssociation,TheFerryLanding,Ambleside,Cumbria, UnitedKingdom P.R.Hirsch RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom S.Hladyz SchoolofBiologicalSciences,MonashUniversity,Melbourne,Australia M.C.Jackson UniversityofPretoria,Hatfield,Gauteng,SouthAfrica;ImperialCollegeLondon,Ascot, Berkshire,UnitedKingdom A.Jentsch BayreuthCenterofEcologyandEnvironmentalResearch(BayCEER),Bayreuth,Germany J.Jokela Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf;ETH Zu€rich,InstituteofIntegrativeBiology,Zu€rich,Switzerland A.Joss Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf,Switzerland J.Kail UniversityofDuisburg-Essen,Essen,Germany xiv Contributors R.L.Kordas ImperialCollegeLondon,Ascot,Berkshire,UnitedKingdom G.Kro€el-Dulay MTACentreforEcologicalResearch,InstituteofEcologyandBotany,Budapest,Hungary C.B.Krug LaboratoireESE,Universit(cid:2)eParis-Sud,UMR8079CNRS,UOS,AgroParisTech,Orsay, France J.O.Lacoursie`re KristianstadUniversity,Kristianstad,Sweden P.W.Leadley LaboratoireESE,Universit(cid:2)eParis-Sud,UMR8079CNRS,UOS,AgroParisTech,Orsay, France A.Lecerf EcoLab,UniversityofToulouse,CNRS,INPT,UPS,Toulouse,France J.Liira TerrestrialEcologyGroup(TEG),UniversidadAuto´nomadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain; InstituteofEcologyandEarthSciences,UniversityofTartu,Tartu,Estonia E.Low-D(cid:2)ecarie SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UnitedKingdom A.Lu€scher ETHZu€rich,InstituteofAgriculturalSciences;InstituteforSustainabilitySciences, Agroscope,Zu€rich,Switzerland X.Lu SchoolofElectronicEngineeringandComputerScience,QueenMaryUniversityof London,London,UnitedKingdom A.Ma SchoolofElectronicEngineeringandComputerScience,QueenMaryUniversityof London,London,UnitedKingdom A.J.Macdonald RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom I.Macˇek BiotechnicalFaculty,UniversityofLjubljana,Ljubljana;FacultyofMathematics,Natural SciencesandInformationTechnologies(FAMNIT),UniversityofPrimorska,Koper, Slovenia D.McElroy CentreforResearchonEcologicalImpactsofCoastalCities,UniversityofSydney,Sydney, NSW,Australia T.J.McGenity SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UnitedKingdom Contributors xv B.G.McKie AquaticSciences&Assessment,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala, Sweden N.Mieszkowska SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool;TheMarine BiologicalAssociationoftheUK,Plymouth,UnitedKingdom H.Moir cbececo-engineeringLtd.,Inverness,Scotland,UnitedKingdom C.Mu€ller Justus-Liebig-UniversityGiessen,Gießen,Germany;SchoolofBiologyandEnvironmental Science,UniversityCollegeDublin,Dublin,Ireland T.F.Moe NorwegianInstituteforWaterResearch,Oslo,Norway D.Monteith CentreforEcology&Hydrology,LancasterEnvironmentCentre,Lancaster, UnitedKingdom M.B.Morales TerrestrialEcologyGroup(TEG),UniversidadAuto´nomadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain D.B.Nedwell SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UnitedKingdom S.Niu KeyLaboratoryofEcosystemNetworkObservationandModelling,InstituteofGeographic SciencesandNaturalResourcesResearch,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China J.J.On˜ate TerrestrialEcologyGroup(TEG),UniversidadAuto´nomadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain R.Ogaya CSIC,GlobalEcologyUnitCREAF-CSIC-UAB;CREAF,CerdanyoladelValle`s, Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain E.O’Gorman ImperialCollegeLondon,Ascot,Berkshire,UnitedKingdom M.T.O’Hare CentreforEcology&Hydrology,Edinburgh,Scotland,UnitedKingdom J.Pen˜uelas CSIC,GlobalEcologyUnitCREAF-CSIC-UAB;CREAF,CerdanyoladelValle`s, Barcelona,Catalonia,Spain H.Pfanz Lehrstuhlfu€rAngewandteBotanik,UniversityDuisburg-Essen,Essen,Germany J.J.Piggott UniversityofOtago,Dunedin,NewZealand;CenterforEcologicalResearch,Kyoto University,Otsu,Japan xvi Contributors J.Pozo FacultyofScienceandTechnology,UniversityoftheBasqueCountry,Bilbao,Spain E.Preda ResearchCenterinSystemsEcologyandSustainability,UniversityofBucharest,Bucharest, Romania T.P€art SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden P.B.Reich UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,MN,UnitedStates;HawkesburyInstituteforthe Environment,WesternSydneyUniversity,Richmond,Australia S.Reinsch CenterforEcologyandHydrology(CEH),Bangor,UnitedKingdom M.Riipinen PlymouthUniversity,Plymouth,UnitedKingdom K.R€as€anen Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf,Switzerland G.Rˆıs¸noveanu ResearchCenterinSystemsEcologyandSustainability,UniversityofBucharest,Bucharest, Romania I.K.Schmidt UniversityofCopenhagen,København,Denmark M.K.Schneider InstituteforSustainabilitySciences,Agroscope,Zu€rich,Switzerland E.Shilland EnvironmentalChangeResearchCentre,UniversityCollegeLondon,London, UnitedKingdom C.Stamm Eawag,SwissFederalInstituteofAquaticScienceandTechnology,Du€bendorf,Switzerland M.Sternberg TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel J.Storkey RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom H.E.Sugden SchoolofMarineScienceandTechnology,TheDoveMarineLaboratory,Newcastle University,Cullercoats,UnitedKingdom S.D.Tiegs OaklandUniversity,Rochester,MI,UnitedStates A.Tietema UniversityofAmsterdam,ESS,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands Contributors xvii K.Tockner Leibniz-InstituteofFreshwaterEcologyandInlandFisheries;FreieUniversit€atBerlin, Berlin,Germany L.C.Todman RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom J.L.Torossian NortheasternUniversity,MarineScienceCenter,Nahant,MA,UnitedStates T.Tscharntke Georg-August-University,Go€ttingen,Germany G.J.C.Underwood SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UnitedKingdom A.Vadineanu ResearchCenterinSystemsEcologyandSustainability,UniversityofBucharest,Bucharest, Romania P.F.M.Verdonschot Alterra,Wageningen,TheNetherlands D.Vodnik BiotechnicalFaculty,UniversityofLjubljana,Ljubljana,Slovenia L.B.-M.Vought KristianstadUniversity,Kristianstad,Sweden W.Weisser SchoolofLifeSciencesWeihenstephan,TechnischeUniversit€atMu€nchen,Freising, Germany O.L.F.Weyl SouthAfricanInstituteforAquaticBiodiversity,Grahamstown,EasternCape,SouthAfrica C.Whitby SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UnitedKingdom A.P.Whitmore RothamstedResearch,Harpenden,UnitedKingdom C.Wolter IGB,Berlin,Germany G.Woodward ImperialCollegeLondon,Ascot,Berkshire,UnitedKingdom K.Zhu RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,UnitedStates PREFACE This thematic volume is focused on recognising the role of model systems and comparative approaches over large scales in space and/or over time. Until recently, ecological research has generally been conducted on a relatively contingent and ad hoc basis, with little scope for true long-term, strategic studies or those that operate at larger spatial scales. This has often reflected the realpolitik of research funding, and also a lack of a strong scientific underpinning behind the collection of biomonitoring data that could otherwise have addressed these gaps, but which tends to be lost to the grey literature. Sustained research over many decades in a model system (or systems) is still exceedingly rare, and is dwindling in many parts of the world due to a perceivedlackofnovelty,andtheprevailingviewthatweshouldfocuson providinganswerstoimmediateandobviousquestions,ratherthanbuilding thecapacitytoaddressunforeseenproblemsthatmayariseinthefuture.Par- adoxically, however, the very rarity of large-scale studies is that it confers uniqueness and value upon them—especially as many long-term initiatives arebeingwounddownandthethreadofcontinuedobservationisbroken. Researchatlargerspatialscalesisfarmorecommonasitislogisticallymore feasiblewithinthetime-limitedremitoffundingframeworks;itisfareasier tosecurefundingforastudythatspans10sitesfor1yearthanitisforonethat spans10yearsatonesite.Thishasincreasedrelianceonspace-for-timesub- stitutionsincorrelationalsurveydatainparticular,whichcanbeproblematic when there are time lags or hystereses in biological responses to environ- mentalchange,asopposedtotheinstantaneousmappingofcauseontoeffect that is otherwise assumed. There are some ways that such biases might be minimised, however, such as using microbial systems to shrink spatial and temporal dimensions intomoretractablestudies,whichcanaddressissuessuchasmetacommunity dynamics and evolution that would not be possible with larger or longer- livedorganisms.Definingwhatwemeanby“largescale”inabsoluteterms is thus somewhat arbitrary. As a rule of thumb, wehave used large scale to refertemporallytotimescalesthatspanatleastadecade,andspatiallytoscales ofseveralsquarekilometresandupwardswithinagivensystemorgroupof systems. Most cases presented in this volume represent a study that is large scaleonjustoneoftheseaxes,butalsoafewapplytobothspaceandtime. xix
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