Large-Eddy Simulation for Acoustics (2007)(en)(441s)

471 Pages·2007·6.42 MB·English

by  Claus Wagner

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LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION FOR ACOUSTICS
Noisepollutionaroundairports,trains,andindustriesincreasinglyattractsenvironmentalcon-
cernandregulation.Designersandresearchershaveintensifiedtheuseoflarge-eddysimulation
(LES)fornoise-reducedindustrialdesignandacousticalresearch.Thisbook,writtenbythirty
experts,presentsthetheoreticalbackgroundofacousticsandLESfollowedbydetailsaboutnu-
mericalmethodssuchasdiscretizationschemes,boundaryconditions,andcouplingaspects.In-
dustriallyrelevant,hybridReynolds-averagedNavier–Stokes/LEStechniquesforacousticsource
predictionsarediscussedindetail.Manyapplicationsarefeaturedrangingfromsimplegeome-
triesformixinglayersandjetflowstocomplexwingandcargeometries.Selectedapplications
includerecentscientificinvestigationsatindustrialanduniversityresearchinstitutions.Presently
perfectsolutionmethodologiesthataddressallrelevantapplicationsdonotexist;however,the
bookpresentsastate-of-the-artcollectionofmethods,tools,andevaluationmethodologies.The
advantagesandweaknessesofboththecommercialandresearchmethodologiesarecarefully
presented.
Claus Wagner received his Ph.D. in Fluid Dynamics in 1995 at the Technical University of
Munich,Germany.HeisHonoraryProfessorforIndustrialAerodynamics,IlmenauUniversity
ofTechnology,Germany.Since1998,hehasbeenascientistinandheadoftheSectionofNu-
mericalSimulationsforTechnicalFlowsoftheInstituteforAerodynamicsandFlowTechnology,
GermanAerospaceCenter,Go¨ttingen,Germany.Dr.Wagner’sresearchincludesexperimental
investigationsoftheresonantcontrolofnonlineardynamicsystems,theoreticalandnumerical
investigationsofthermalconvectionincylindricalcontainers,anddirectnumericalsimulation
andlarge-eddysimulationsofturbulentflowsindifferentconfigurations.Hehasheldvisiting
positionsinGainsville,Florida,USAaswellasinBremen,Germany.
Thomas Hu¨ttl received his Ph.D. in Fluid Dynamics in 1999 at the Technical University of
Munich,Germany.Hisacademicresearchincludedworkonthedirectnumericalsimulationof
turbulentflowsincurvedandcoiledpipes,anddirectandlarge-eddysimulationsofboundary
layer flows with and without separation, in the framework of a French–German DFG-CNRS-
Cooperation project. He has held visiting positions in Nantes, France and Bangalore, India.
Between2000and2003,hewasaseniorengineerforaeroacousticsatMTUAeroEnginesGmbH,
Germany’s leading manufacturer of engine modules and components and of complete aero
engines.Dr.Hu¨ttlledMTU’scontributionfortheEuropeanresearchprojectTurboNoiseCFDand
contributedtotheEuropeanresearchprojectSILENCER.AftersomeyearsworkingasITquality
managerandinternalauditor,heisnowChiefPrivacyOfficerfortheentireMTUAeroEngines
concern.Amonghismanyhonors,Dr.Hu¨ttlwaselectedamemberoftheSenateoftheDGLR,
DeutscheGesellschaftfu¨rLuft-undRaumfahrt-Lilienthal-Oberthe.V.in2003and2006.
Pierre Sagaut received his DEA in Mechanics in 1991 and his Ph.D. in Fluid Mechanics in
1995 at Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6 (Paris, France). He worked as a research
engineeratONERA(FrenchNationalAerospaceResearchCenter)from1995to2002.Hehas
beenaprofessorinmechanicsatUniversityPierreetMarieCurie–Paris6since2002.Heis
alsopart-timeProfessoratE´colePolytechnique(France)andscientificconsultantatONERA,
IFP, and CERFACS (France). His main research interests are fluid mechanics, aeroacoustics,
numericalsimulationofturbulentflows(bothdirectandlarge-eddysimulation),andnumerical
methods.Heisalsoinvolvedinuncertaintymodelingforcomputationalfluiddynamics(CFD).
Hehasauthoredandcoauthoredmorethansixtypapersinpeer-reviewedinternationaljournals
and130proceedingspapers.Heistheauthorofseveralbooksdealingwithturbulencemodeling
andsimulation.Heismemberofseveraleditorialboards:TheoreticalandComputationalFluid
Dynamics, Journal of Scientific Computing, and Progress in CFD. He received the ONERA
awardthreetimesforthebestpublicationandtheJohnGreenPrize(deliveredbyICAS,2002).
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CambridgeAerospaceSeries
Editors
WeiShyy
and
MichaelJ.Rycroft
1. J.M.RolfeandK.J.Staples(eds.):FlightSimulation
2. P.Berlin:TheGeostationaryApplicationsSatellite
3. M.J.T.Smith:AircraftNoise
4. N.X.Vinh:FlightMechanicsofHigh-PerformanceAircraft
5. W.A.MairandD.L.Birdsall:AircraftPerformance
6. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl
7. M.J.Sidi:SpacecraftDynamicsandControl
8. J.D.Anderson:AHistoryofAerodynamics
9. A.M.Cruise,J.A.Bowles,C.V.Goodall,andT.J.Patrick:PrinciplesofSpace
InstrumentDesign
10. G.A.KhouryandJ.D.Gillett(eds.):AirshipTechnology
11. J.Fielding:IntroductiontoAircraftDesign
12. J.G.Leishman:PrinciplesofHelicopterAerodynamics,2ndEdition
13. J.KatzandA.Plotkin:LowSpeedAerodynamics,2ndEdition
14. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl:AHistoryofthe
TechnologiesthatMadeAviationPossible,2ndEdition
15. D.H.HodgesandG.A.Pierce:IntroductiontoStructuralDynamicsand
Aeroelasticity
16. W.Fehse:AutomaticRendezvousandDockingofSpacecraft
17. R.D.Flack:FundamentalsofJetPropulsionwithApplications
18. E.A.Baskharone:PrinciplesofTurbomachineryinAir-BreathingEngines
19. DoyleD.Knight:ElementsofNumericalMethodsforHigh-SpeedFlows
20. C.Wagner,T.Hu¨ttl,andP.Sagaut:Large-EddySimulationforAcoustics
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Large-Eddy Simulation for
Acoustics
Edited by
CLAUS WAGNER
GermanAerospaceCenter
THOMAS HU¨ TTL
MTUAeroEnginesGmbH
PIERRE SAGAUT
Universite´ PierreetMarieCurie
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CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS
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Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
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© Cambridge University Press 2007
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2006
ISBN-13 978-0-511-29466-2 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-511-29466-2 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-87144-0 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-87144-1 hardback
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guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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Contents
ListofFiguresandTables pagexiii
Contributors xxi
Preface xxv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Theimportanceofacousticresearch 1
ThomasHu¨ttl
1.1.1 Healtheffects 1
1.1.2 Activityeffects 2
1.1.3 Annoyance 2
1.1.4 Technicalnoisesources 3
1.1.5 Politicalandsocialreactionstonoise 4
1.1.6 Reactionsofindustry 5
1.1.7 ResearchonacousticsbyLES 5
1.2 Introductiontocomputationalaeroacoustics 7
ManuelKeßler
1.2.1 Definition 7
1.2.2 History 7
1.2.3 Aeroacoustics 8
1.2.4 Conceptualapproaches 9
1.2.5 Remainingproblemareasforsoundcomputation 13
1.3 Stateoftheart:LESforacoustics 15
ClausWagner,OliverFleig,andThomasHu¨ttl 15
1.3.1 Broadbandnoisepredictioningeneral 15
1.3.2 BroadbandnoisepredictionbasedonLES 17
2 TheoreticalBackground:Aeroacoustics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
AvrahamHirschbergandSjoerdRienstra
2.1 Introductiontoaeroacoustics 24
2.2 Fluiddynamics 25
2.2.1 Mass,momentum,andenergyequations 25
2.2.2 Constitutiveequations 28
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viii CONTENTS
2.2.3 Approximationsandalternativeformsofthebasic
equations 30
2.3 Free-spaceacousticsofaquiescentfluid 33
2.3.1 Ordersofmagnitude 33
2.3.2 Waveequationandsourcesofsound 35
2.3.3 Green’sfunctionandintegralformulation 36
2.3.4 Inverseproblemanduniquenessofsource 38
2.3.5 Elementarysolutionsofthewaveequation 39
2.3.6 Acousticenergyandimpedance 44
2.3.7 Free-spaceGreen’sfunction 47
2.3.8 Multipoleexpansion 47
2.3.9 Dopplereffect 49
2.3.10 Uniformmeanflow,planewaves,andedgediffraction 52
2.4 Aeroacousticanalogies 55
2.4.1 Lighthill’sanalogy 55
2.4.2 Curle’sformulation 59
2.4.3 FfowcsWilliams–Hawkingsformulation 60
2.4.4 Choiceofaeroacousticvariable 62
2.4.5 Vortexsound 65
2.5 Confinedflows 68
2.5.1 Wavepropagationinaduct 68
2.5.2 Low-frequencyGreen’sfunctioninaninfinitelylonguniformduct 72
2.5.3 Low-frequencyGreen’sfunctioninaductwithadiscontinuity 74
2.5.4 Aeroacousticsofanopenpipetermination 76
3 TheoreticalBackground:Large-EddySimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
PierreSagaut
3.1 Introductiontolarge-eddysimulation 89
3.1.1 Generalissues 89
3.1.2 Large-eddysimulation:Underlyingassumptions 90
3.2 Mathematicalmodelsandgoverningequations 91
3.2.1 TheNavier–Stokesequations 91
3.2.2 Thefilteringprocedure 92
3.2.3 GoverningequationsforLES 95
3.2.4 Extensionforcompressibleflows 98
3.2.5 Filteringonreal-lifecomputationalgrids 100
3.3 Basicnumericalissuesinlarge-eddysimulation 105
3.3.1 Gridresolutionrequirements 105
3.3.2 Numericalerror:Analysisandconsequences 109
3.3.3 Timeadvancement 112
3.4 Subgrid-scalemodelingfortheincompressiblecase 112
3.4.1 Theclosureproblem 112
3.4.2 Functionalmodeling 113
3.4.3 Structuralmodeling 118
3.4.4 Linearcombinationmodels,fulldeconvolution,andLeray’s
regularization 119
3.4.5 Extendeddeconvolutionapproachforarbitrarynonlinearterms 120
3.4.6 Multilevelclosures 121
3.4.7 Thedynamicprocedure 121