Languages for Automation PDF
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LANGUAGES FOR AUTOMATION MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS EDITORIAL BOARD: A. Bensoussan, Le Chesnay, France Y. Oishi, Tokyo, Japan S. K. Chang, Chicago, Illinois N. Muller, Osnabrii.ck, Federal H. W. Gottinger, Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany Republic of Germany G. Pask, RIchmond, England M. D. Intriligator, Los Angeles, D. W. Peterson, Durham, California North Carolina R. E. Kalman, Zurich, Switzerland M. Thoma, Hannover, Federal R. Kling, Irvine, California Republic of Germany A. Klinger, Los Angeles, California P. P. Wang, Durham, North Carolina R. W. Liu, South Bend, Indiana A. B. Whinston, West Lafayette, T. Marschak, Berkeley, California Indiana B. H. McCormick, College StatIOn, L. A. Zadeh, Berkeley, California Texas R. Michalski, Urbana-Champaign, Illznois MANAGEMENT AND OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Edited by Shi-Kuo Chang LANGUAGES FOR AUTOMATION Edited by Shi-Kuo Chang A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. LANGUAGES FOR AUTOMATION Edited by SHI-KUQ CHANG Illinois Institute oj Technology Chicago, Illinois SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA. LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Languages for automation. (Management and information systems) "Originally presented at the 1983 IEEE Workshop on Languages for Automation held at Chicago, and the 1984 IEEE Workshop on Languages for Automation held at New Orleans"-P. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Automation-Congresses. 2. Office practice-Automation-Congresses. 3. Pro gramming languages (Electronic computers)-Congresses. I. Chang, S. K. (Shi Kuo), 1944- . II. IEEE Workshop on Languages for Automation (1983: Chicago, Ill.) III. IEEE Workshop on Languages for Automation (1984: New Orleans, La.) IV. Series. T59.5.L36 1985 005 85-17032 ISBN 978-1-4757-l390-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-1388-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-l388-6 © 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1985 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher CONTRIBUTORS MARTIN L. BARIFF • Stuart School of Business Administration, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois ALEJANDRO P. BUCHMANN • IIMAS, National University of Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico STEVEN D. BURD • Anderson School of Management, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico C. R. CARLSON • Computer Science Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois G. CASTELLI. Instituto di Cibernetica, Universita di Milano, Milano, Italy P. CHAN. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, IllinOIs Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois S. K. CHANG • Department of Electncal and Computer Engineerzng, Illinois Institute of Technol ogy, Chicago, IllinoIS MING-YANG CHERN • Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer SCIence, Northwest- ern UniversIty, Evanston, Illinois F. DE CINDIO • Instituto di Cibernetica, Universzta di MIlano, MIlano, Italy G. DE MICHELIS • Instituto di Cibernetica, Universita di Milano, Milano, Italy T. D. DONNADIEU • Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois CLARENCE A. ELLIS. Xerox Corporation, Palo Alto California and Stanford University, Stan- ford, CalifornIa K. S. FU • School of Electncal Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana S. FUJITA • Toshiba Research and Development Center, Kanagawa, japan J. MIGUEL GERZSO • IIMAS, National UnIVersity of MeXICO, MeXICO, D.F., MeXICO JOEL D. GOLDHAR • Stuart School of BUSiness AdminIstration, Illinois InstItute of Technology, Chicago, IllinoIS KLAUS D. GUNTHER. Gesellschaft fur MathematIk und Datenverarbeltung, Institut fur System technzk, Dannstadt, Federal Republic of Gennany PEl-CHING HWANG. Phoenix Data Systems, Albany, New York THEA IBERALL • Department of Computer SCIence, Unzversity of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts MA TIHIAS JARKE • Graduate School of Business AdminIStration, New York University, New York, New York TOHRU KIKUNO • Faculty of Engineering, HiroshIma University, Higashi-HIroshima, japan K. KISHIMOTO • Department of Circuits and Systems, Hiroshima UniverSIty, Hagashi-Hiro shima, japan GARY D. KIMURA. Department of Computer Science, UnIVersity of Washington, Seattle, Washington HIROSHI KOTERA • Visual Communication Development Division, Yokosuka Electronzc Com munzcations Laboratory, Kanagawa, japan JAMES A. LARSON. Honeywell Computer SCIences Center, Bloomington, Minnesota V VI CONTRIBUTORS C. S. GEORGE LEE. School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IndI- ana Y. C. LEE. School of Electrzcal Engineering, Purdue UnIVersity, West Lafayette, Indiana L. LEUNG. Gould Research Center, Rolling Meadows, IllinoIs DAMIAN LYONS. Department of Computer Science, UniverSIty of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts MARK C. MALETZ • Inference Corporation, Los Angeles, California LEO MARK • Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland JAVIER MARTINEZ • Departamento de Automatlca, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain F. MONTENOISE • Department of Electrical and Computer Engineerzng, IllinOIS Institute of Technology, Chicago, IllinoIs KAZUNARI NAKANE • Visual Communication Development DivisIOn, Yokosuka Electronic Com munications Laboratory, Kanagawa, japan K. ONAGA. Department of Circuits and Systems, Hiroshima Unzverslty, Higashi-HIroshima, japan S.OYANAGI • ToshIba Research and Development Center, Kanagawa,japan SHUH-SHEN PAN. Bell CommunicatIOns Research, Holmdel, New jersey CHRISTOS A.PAPACHRISTOU • Computer Engineering and Science Department, 'Case West ern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio NICK ROUSSOPOULOS • Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland H. SAKAI • Toshiba Research and Development Center, Kanagawa, japan YOSHINORI SAKAI. VIsual Communication Development DiviSIOn, Yokosuka Electronzc Com munications Laboratory, Kanagawa, japan SOL M. SHATZ • Department of Electrzcal Engineering and Computer Science, Unzverslty of Illi nois, Chicago, Illinois ALAN C. SHAW. Department of Computer SCIence, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington MANUEL SILVA • Departamento de Automatica, Universldad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain C. SIMONE. Instituto di Cibernetica, Universita di Milano, Milano, Italy EDWARD STOHR. Graduate Scnool of Business AdminIstration, New York Unzverszty, New York, New York KAZUO SUGIHARA. Faculty of Engineerzng, Hiroshima Unzversity, HigashI-HiroshIma, japan A. TANAKA. ToshIba Research and Development Center, Kanagawa,japan T. TANAKA • Toshiba Research and Development Center, Kanagawa, japan MASAO TOGAWA • Visual Communzcation Development DiviSIOn, Yokosuka Electronic Com munzcations Laboratory, Kanagawa, japan JON TURNER • Graduate School of Business AdminzstratlOn, New York UnIVersity, New York, New York H. UTSUNOMIYA • Department of CIrCUIts and Systems, Hiroshima Unzverslty, Higashi-Hiro shima, japan YANNIS VASSILIOU • Graduate School of Business AdministratIOn, New York University, New York, New York JENNIFER B. WALLICK. Honeywell Computer ScIences Center, Bloomington, Minnesota ANDREW B. WHINSTON • Krannert Graduate School of Management, Purdue UnIVersity, West Lafayette, Indiana NORMAN WHITE. Graduate School of Business AdministratIOn, New York University, New York, New York NORIYOSHI YOSHIDA • Faculty of Engineenng, HIroshIma Unzverslty, HigashI-HIroshIma, japan STANLEY B. ZDONIK • Department of Computer Science, Brown University, PrOVIdence, Rhode Island PREFACE Two central ideas in the movement toward advanced automation systems are the office-of-the-future (or office automation system), and the factory of-the-future (or factory automation system). An office automation system is an integrated system with diversified office equipment, communication devices, intelligent terminals, intelligent copiers, etc., for providing information management and control in a dis tributed office environment. A factory automation system is also an inte grated system with programmable machine tools, robots, and other pro cess equipment such as new "peripherals," for providing manufacturing information management and control. Such advanced automation systems can be regarded as the response to the demand for greater variety, greater flexibility, customized designs, rapid response, and 'Just-in-time" delivery of office services or manufac tured goods. The economy of scope, which allows the production of a vari ety of similar products in random order, gradually replaces the economy of scale derived from overall volume of operations. In other words, we are gradually switching from the production of large volumes of standard products to systems for the production of a wide variety of similar products in small batches. This is the phenomenon of "demassification" of the marketplace, as described by Alvin Toffier in The Third Wave. A common theme for such integrated, advanced automation systems is the need for "languages" -languages for man-machine communica tion, languages for describing office procedures, languages for describing design processes, languages for specifying manufacturing processes, lan guages for modeling, and languages for controlling robots. The study of languages for automation, therefore, becomes a vital research topic in advanced automation. This book is the second volume in the series of books on Management and Information Systems. It includes several invited tutorials, and selected papers that were originally presented at the 1983 IEEE Workshop on Lan- VII viii PREFACE guages for Automation held at Chicago, and the 1984 IEEE Workshop on Languages for Automation held at New Orleans. Twenty-five papers written by international experts cover the various aspects of languages for automation: office automation languages, data base query languages, natural language query processing, object manage ment, database management, communication management for distributed systems, robotics languages, CAD/CAM languages, and implications of advanced automation for corporate management. s. K. Chang CONTENTS PART I OFFICE AUTOMATION 1. OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Clarence A. Ellis 3 2. LOGIC PROGRAMMING TAILORED FOR OFFICE PROCEDURE AUTOMATION Klaus D. Gunther 27 3. OPAL: AN OFFICE PROCEDURE AUTOMATION LANGUAGE FOR LOCAL AREA NETWORK ENVIRONMENTS VIA ACTIVE MAILING AND PROGRAM DISPATCHING K. Kishimoto, K. Onaga, and H. Utsunomiya 67 4. TOOLS FOR FORMS ADMINISTRATORS James A. Larson and Jennifer B. Wallick 95 5. A FORM-BASED LANGUAGE FOR OFFICE AUTOMATION S. Oyanagi, H. Sakai, T. Tanaka, S. Fujita, and A. Tanaka 107 PART II QUERY LANGUAGES 6. REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPING NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERY APPLICATIONS Yannis Vassiliou, MatthiasJarke, Edward Stohr, Jon Turner, and Norman White 123 7. SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE QUERY PROCESSING Steven D. Burd, Shuh-Shen Pan, and Andrew B. Whinston 143 8. DESIGN OF AN EASY-TO-USE QUERY LANGUAGE FOR OFFICE AUTOMATION Kazuo Sugihara, Tohru Kikuno, and Noriyoshi Yoshida 163 PART III DATA MANAGEMENT 9. THE STRUCTURE OF ABSTRACT DOCUMENT OBJECTS Gary D. Kimura and Alan C. Shaw 179 10. AN OBJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR OFFICE APPLICATIONS Stanley B. Zdonik 197 IX
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