Language, Logic, and Computation: 12th International Tbilisi Symposium, TbiLLC 2017, Lagodekhi, Georgia, September 18-22, 2017, Revised Selected Papers

367 Pages·2019·8.883 MB·

by  Alexandra Silva, Sam Staton, Peter Sutton, Carla Umbach

Alexandra Silva
Sam Staton
Peter Sutton
Carla Umbach (Eds.)
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12th International Tbilisi Symposium, TbiLLC 2017
Lagodekhi, Georgia, September 18–22, 2017
Revised Selected Papers
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Alexandra Silva Sam Staton
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Peter Sutton Carla Umbach (Eds.)
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Language, Logic,
and Computation
12th International Tbilisi Symposium, TbiLLC 2017
–
Lagodekhi, Georgia, September 18 22, 2017
Revised Selected Papers
123
Editors
Alexandra Silva SamStaton
Department ofComputer Science Department ofComputer Science
University CollegeLondon University of Oxford
London,UK Oxford,UK
PeterSutton CarlaUmbach
Department ofLinguistics Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine
Heinrich HeineUniversity Düsseldorf Sprachwissenschaft
Düsseldorf,Germany Berlin, Germany
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Preface
The 12th International Tbilisi Symposium on Language, Logic, and Computation was
held during September 18–22, 2017, at Lagodekhi, Georgia. The symposium was
organized by the Centre for Language, Logic, and Speech at the Tbilisi State
University, the Georgian Academy of Sciences, the Institute for Logic, Language and
Computation (ILLC) of the University of Amsterdam, and the Collaborative Research
Center 991 of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf. The biennial conference series
and the proceedings are representative of the aims of the organizing institutes: to
promotetheintegratedstudyoflogic,information,andlanguage.Whiletheconference
isopentocontributionsfromanyofthethreefields,itaimstofosterinteractionamong
thembyachievingstrongerawarenessofdevelopmentsintheotherfields,andofwork
that embraces more than one field or belongs to the interface between fields. The
scientific program consisted of tutorials, invited lectures, contributed talks, and two
workshops.
Thesymposiumoffered threetutorials, given oneachofthethreemajordisciplines
of the conference and aimed at students as well as researchers working in the other
areas:
Language: “Generalized Quantifiers. Logical, Computational, and Cognitive
Approaches,” by Jakub Szymanik (University of Amsterdam)
Logic: “Machines, Models, Monoids, and Modal Logic,” by Sam van Gool (City
College of New York and University of Amsterdam)
Computation:“SemanticsforProbabilisticSystems,”byAnaSokolova(University
of Salzburg)
Six invited lectures were delivered at the symposium: two on logic, by Alexander
Kurz (University of Leicester) and Eric Pacuit (University of Maryland), two on lan-
guage, by Gemma Boleda (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) and Ruth Kempson (King’s
College,London), andtwooncomputation byDexter Kozen(Cornell University)and
Alex Simpson (University of Ljubljana).
The workshop on Transmodal Perspectives on Secondary Meaning, organized by
Fabian Bross, Daniel Hole, Daniel Gutzmann, and Katharina Turgay featured six
contributed talks. The workshop on Logic, Algebra, Categories and Quantitative
Models, organized by Alexander Kurz and Alex Simpson, featured four invited talks.
This volume contains a selection of papers that went through a rigorous, two-stage
refereeing process during which each paper was reviewed by at least two anonymous
referees. Here we give a brief overview of their contributions.
“Compounds or Phrases? Pattern Borrowing from English into Georgian,” by
Nino Amiridze, Rusudan Asatiani, and Zurab Baratashvili. In this paper, Amiridze
et al. discuss a case of borrowing of English noun–noun constructs into Georgian. In
contrast to English, there are no established tests for Georgian to distinguish
vi Preface
compoundsfromphrasesinnoun–nounconstructs.Amiridzeetal.suggestanumberof
tests based on phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic criteria.
“A Study of Subminimal Logics of Negation and Their Modal Companions,” by
Nick Bezhanishvili, Almudena Colacito, and Dick de Jongh. Bezhanishvili, Colacito,
and de Jongh study propositional logical systems arising from the language of
Johansson’s minimal logic and obtained by weakening the requirements for the
negationoperator.Theauthorsfirstprovethatthereareuncountablymanysuchlogical
systems. They then provide model-theoretic and algebraic definitions of filtration for
minimal logic and show that they are dual to each other. Finally, they investigate
bi-modal companionswithnon-normalmodaloperatorsforsome relevant subminimal
systems, and give infinite axiomatizations for these bi-modal companions.
“Bare Nouns and the Hungarian Mass/Count Distinction,” by Kurt Erbach,
PeterR.Sutton,and,andHanaFilip.Erbachetal.arguethat,inHungarian,notionally
count, singular nouns like könyv (“book”), toll (“pen”), and ház (“house”) are
semantically number-neutral. This departs from the view that such nouns are dual-life
withrespecttobeingcountormass,ashasrecentlybeenargued.Thepaperprovidesa
novelanalysisinwhichHungarianhasmanycountnounsandmanymassnouns,rather
than many dual-life and mass nouns, but few count nouns.
“Why Aktionsart-Based Event Structure Templates Are Not Enough – A Frame
Account of Leaking and Droning,” by Jens Fleischhauer, Thomas Gamerschlag, and
Wiebke Petersen. The focus of the paper by Fleischhauer et al. is the gradability of
emission verbs (e.g., leak, drone). They motivate a dynamic frame-based analysis of
suchverbsbased ontheindependenceofgradabilityfromaverb’seventstructure.By
adopting more fine-grained representations (verb frames), Fleischhauer et al. can
capture more data, for instance, the distinction between event-dependent and
event-independent gradation as exemplified by German examples such as Der Motor
dröhnt sehr (“The engine is droning a lot”) and Das Rohr hat sehr geleckt (“The pipe
has leaked a lot”).
“The Athlete Tore a Muscle: English Locative Subjects in the Extra Argument
Construction,” by Katherine Fraser. Fraser addresses cases in which changes of state
verbs(e.g.,tear,break)areapartofconstructionsthatconveythatthechangeofstate
is unintentional (the skier tore a muscle, the boat tore a sail). Fraser argues that such
constructionshaveanextraLOCATIONargumentthatispartofthesubject(theskiertore
a muscle in her calf, the boat tore a sail on its mast).
“An Axiomatization of the d-Logic of Planar Polygons,” by David Gabelaia,
Kristina Gogoladze, Mamuka Jibladze, Evgeny Kuznetsov, and Levan Uridia. The
paper introduces the modal logic of planar polygonal subsets of the plane, with the
modality interpreted as the Cantor–Bendixson derivative operator. The authors prove
the finite model property of this logic and provide a finite axiomatization for it.
“An Ehrenfeucht–Fraisse Game for Inquisitive First-Order Logic,” by Gianluca
Grilletti and Ivano Ciardelli. Grilletti and Ciardelli develop an Ehrenfeucht–Fraisse
game for inquisitive first-order logic, an extension of classic first-order logic with
questions.Fromamathematicalpointofview,formulasinthislogicexpressproperties
Preface vii
ofsetsofrelationalstructures.Theauthorsshowthatthedevelopedgamecharacterizes
the distinguishing power of the logic and use this result to show a number of unde-
finability results.
“TwoNeighborhoodSemanticsforSubintuitionisticLogics,”byDickdeJonghand
Fatemeh Shirmohammadzadeh Maleki. De Jongh and Maleki study two types of
neighborhoodmodelsforweaksubintuitionisticlogics,asintroducedbytheauthorsin
2016. Thepapercontains acomparison anddetailedstudy ofthe relationship between
thetwotypesofmodels.Therebymodalcompanionsforvariouslogicsarerecognized.
Many of the extensions of the basic logics are discussed and characterized.
“FiniteIdentificationwithPositiveandwithCompleteData,”byDickdeJonghand
Ana Lucia Vargas Sandoval. De Jongh and Sandoval study the differences between
finiteidentifiabilityofrecursive languageswithpositive andwithcompletedata. They
show that in finite families the difference lies exactly in the fact that for positive
identification the families need to be anti-chains, while in in the infinite case it is less
simple, being an anti-chain is no longer a sufficient condition. The authors show that
withcompletedatatherearenomaximallearnablefamilieswhereaswithpositivedata
there usually are, but there do exist positively identifiable families without a maximal
positively identifiable extension.
“LanguageasMechanismsforInteraction:TowardanEvolutionaryTale,”byRuth
Kempson,EleniGregoromichelaki,andChristineHowes.Kempsonetal.argueagainst
astaticcode-basedviewoflanguageasform-meaningmappings.Instead,theypropose
a view of grammar as a coordinating mechanism for dynamic interactivity among
situated agents. They propose dynamic syntax as a domain-general theoretical archi-
tecture that models syntax/meaning/processing in terms of predictive actions and they
defendtheviewthat,whilethemodelisempiricallymotivatedbytheneedtocapture,
inter alia, dialogue data, it is also necessary to get a handle on human evolution,
specifically, on the group-forming properties of linguistic interactions.
“ComputationalModeloftheModernGeorgianLanguageandSearchPatternsfor
anOnlineDictionaryofIdioms,”byIrinaLobzhanidze.Thispaperdescribestheuseof
finitestatetechnologyforthemorphologicalanalysisofthemodernGeorgianlanguage
and the application of a morphological transducer to address issues of lemmatization
and alphabetization noticed in Georgian dictionaries. Information on lemmas and the
morphological structures of words was used to solve lexicographic problems in an
online dictionary of idioms.
“BridgingInferencesinaDynamicFrameTheory,”byRalfNaumannandWiebke
Petersen. In their article, Naumann and Petersen develop a theory of bridging infer-
ences in a dynamic frame theory that is an extension of incremental dynamics. In
contrast to previous approaches, bridging is seen as based on predictions/expectations
thataretriggeredbydiscoursereferentsinparticularcontexts.Predictionsaremodeled
as extensions of a frame representing a discourse referent and are constrained by a
probability distribution on the domain offrames.
“Misfits: On Unexpected German ob-Predicates,” by Kerstin Schwabe. Schwabe
investigates clause-embedding predicates in German focusing on ones that embed
viii Preface
interrogatives headed by ob (“whether”/“if”), although only in negative contexts. She
explainstheunexpectedbehaviorofthesepredicates bythefactthatnegativecontexts
turn them into subjectively nonveridical predicates even though in positive contexts
they are subjectively veridical. The analysis is spelled out in a propositional logical
form.
“A Non-Factualist Semantics for Attributions of Comparative Value,” by Andrés
Soria Ruiz. Soria Ruiz proposes characterizing evaluative adjectives (e.g., good, bad,
courageous, elegant) as a type of gradable adjective, the instances of which can be
subject to faultless disagreement. Building on Gibbard’s hyperplan approach, he ana-
lyzes adjectives in this class as conceptually related to action (and to motivations for
action).Forexample,partofwhatiscommunicatedbypositiveevaluativeadjectivesis
definedinrelationtoasetofinstructionsforaction(ahyperplan)thatsupportscertain
actions to a sufficient degree relative to the context.
“Spectra of Goedel Algebras,” by Diego Valota. Valota exploits the duality
between the variety of Goedel algebras and the category offorests and open maps in
ordertocomputethedualsoffinitek-elementGoedelalgebras.Fromthisconstruction
the author obtains a recurrence formula to compute thefine spectrum of the variety of
Goedelalgebrasand,asacorollary,derivesthatthesetofcardinalitiesoffiniteGoedel
algebras is the set of positive integers.
“FromSemanticMemorytoSemanticContent,”HenkZeevat.Inthispaper,frames
are considered as representing semantic content built from concepts. Particular frames
areseen asacollectionof stochasticvariables. Zeevat developsa simple butpowerful
notion of semantic memory on the basis of lexical knowledge under the frame
hypothesisanddiscussesthequestionofwhetherthestochasticinformationinsemantic
memory contributes to conceptual content.
“Explaining Meaning: The Interplay of Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics,” by
Yulia Zinova. Zinova provides a rational speech act model paired with a frame-based
lexical representation to predict the most probable meanings of certain Russian verbal
prefixes, given a context of use and a set of alternatives. For example, Zinova can
explain why po-gret (“PO-heat”) receives a low-degree reading despite being seman-
tically neutral between high- and low-degree readings.
We would like to thank all the authors for their contributions, and the anonymous
reviewersfortheirhigh-qualityreports.Wewouldalsoliketoexpressourgratitudeto
the organizers of thesymposium, who made the event an unforgettable experience for
all of its participants. The Tbilisi symposia are renowned not only for their high
scientific standards, butalso for their friendly atmosphereand heartwarming Georgian
hospitality, and the 12th symposium was no exception. Finally, we thank the ILLC
(University of Amsterdam), the Department of Computational Linguistics at
Preface ix
DüsseldorfUniversity,andJohanvanBenthemfortheirgenerousfinancialsupportfor
the symposium.
March 2019 Alexandra Silva
Sam Staton
Peter Sutton
Carla Umbach