Language development and cultivation: Alternative approaches in language planning

146 Pages·2015·6.27 MB·English

PACIFICL INGUISTICS
SerieDs - No. 68
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENTA ND CULTIAVTION:
ALTERNATIVEA PPROACHES IN LANGUAGE PLANNING
by
AntonM . Moeliono
Translatbeyd Kay Ikranagara
(MATERIALSI N LANGUAGES OF INDONESIA,N o.3D)
W.A.L.S tokhofS,e rieEsd itor
Departmenotf Linugistics
Research Schoofo Pla cifiSct udies
THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Moeliono, A.M. Language development and cultivation: Alternative approaches in language planning.
D-68, x + 144 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986. DOI:10.15144/PL-D68.cover
©1986 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.
PACIFICL INGUISTICiSs i ssuetdh rougthh eL inguistic
Circloef Canberraan d consisotfs fours eries:
SERIESA -OccasionPaalp ers
SERIESB -Monographs
SERIESC -Books
SERIESD -SpeciaPlu blications
EDITOR:S .A.W urm
ASSOCIATEE DITORS:D .C.L aycockC,. L.V oorhoevDe.,T .T ryonT,. E.D utton
EDITORIALA DVISERS:
B.W.B ender K.A.M cElhanon
Universiotfy H awaii Summ er Instituotfe L inguistics
DavidB radley H.P.M cKaughan
La TrobeU niversity Universiotfy H awaii
A. Capell P. MUhlhausler
Universiotfy S ydney LinacrCeo llegeO,x ford
MichaeGl. Clyne G.N.O 'Grady
MonashU niversity Universiotfy V ictoriBa.,C .
S.H.E lbert A.K.P awley
Universiotfy H awaii Universiotfy A uckland
K.J.F ranklin K.L.P ike
Summer Instituotfe L inguistics Summer Instituotfe L inguistics
W.W. Glover E.C.P olome
Summer Instituotfe L inguistics Universiotfy T exas
G.W.G race MalcolmR oss
Universiotfy H awaii AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity
M.A.K. Halliday GilliaSna nkoff
Universiotfy S ydney Universiotfy P ennsylvania
E. Haugen W.A.L.S tokhof
HarvardU niversity Universiotfy L eiden
A. Healey B.K.T 'sou
Summer Instiotfu Ltien guistics CityP olytencihco f Hong Kong
L.A.H ercus E.M.U hlenbeck
AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity Universiotfy L eiden
Nguy�n Bang Li�m J.W .M. Verhaar
Universiotfy H awaii DivineW ord Institute,
JohnL ynch Madang
Universiotfy P apuaN ew Guinea
Allc orrespondecnocnec erniPnAgC IFICL INGUISTICSi,n cluding
orderasn d subscriptisohnosu,l bde addressetdo :
The Secretary
PACIFICL INGUISTICS
Departmenotf Linguistics
ResearcShc hooolf PacifiSct udies
The AustraliNaant ionaUln iversity
_:;:J,<" ....-o..U..L ,A!t CanberraA,. C.T.2 601
Australia
©
Copyright The Author
FirsPt ublish1e9d8 6
Typesebty LingM atsay
Printebdy A.N .U . PrintinSge rvice Boundb y AdriatiBco okbindePrtsy L td
The editorasr ei ndebtetdo theA ustralian National Ufnoirva esrssiisttya nicne t he
productioofn t hiss eries
Thisp ublicatwiaosn m ade possibblye a n initigarla ntf romt heH unterD ouglaFsu nd
ISSN0 078-7566
ISBN0 858833 32 8
TABLOE FC ONTENTS
page
EDIOTR'SP REFACE vi
PREFACE vii
CHAPTEIR: L ANGUAGPER OBLEAMNSD LA NGUAGPELA NNING 1
1.1 Lingsutiicsa ndl anguagper olbems 1
1.2 Somed efintiionisn thfei elodf lanugagep lnaning 4
1.3 Altenrativpel nasf ort reamtento fl anguagper olbems 9
CHAPTEIRI: LANGUA-GDEEVOEPLMENATN D- CULTAITVIOPNR OCESSES 10
2.1 Plnaning 11
2.2 Implmeentation 18
2.3 Evaluation 20
CHAPTEIRI :I POLICIYN F UNCTNIAOLA LLOCIAOTNO FL ANGUAGES 23
3.1 Socioilngusiticf unctioonfsl anguage 23
3.2 Statlea nguag,e nationlaanlg uag,e ando fficiallan guage 25
3.3 Languagoefs widceormm unictaion 30
3.4 Languagfeosr s peciaplu ropses 30
4.5 Languasg iene ducation 32
4.6 Languasg oef culture 41
CHAPTEIRV: DEVELOPMOEFN LTA NGUAGCEO DES 43
4.1 Nationdaelv eplmoenta ndl anguagdee vleopmte n 43
4.2 Codification 45
4.3 Digolssiaan ds tandarlda nguages 49
4.4 Languasgtena dadriastion 53
4.5 Differencbeesw teens tnadaradn ds ub-sntdaarvda rieties 62
4.6 Thed egreoef s tandairsadtioonf I ndoensina 66
4.7 Languamgoede rniastion 69
CHAPTEVR: C ULITVATIOONF L ANGUAGUES E 76
5.1 Rasiing thel evle of functiolnaieltr acy 77
5.2 Promotintgh ep roduct coodfif icaiton 79
5.3 Languacguel tivation 84
NOTETSO C HAPTERI 89
NOTETSO C HAPTEIR I 89
NOTETSO CHAPTEIRI I 93
NOTETSO CHAPTEIRV 101
NOTETSO C HAPTERV 103
BIBLIGORAPHY 104
iii

v
ForM D M
- -
thet hree miomspto rtantw omen
in mwyor ld
EDITO'RS PREAFCE
I amv eryh appyt ob ea blet ow eclomet hep ublicatoifot nh e Engltirsnahs ltaion
of AntMooenl oino'si mprotanbto okP engembangdaann p embinaabna hasaa:n cangan
altenratidfi dalapme rencanbaaahna saJ akar:t Dajmabata,n 198.5 (nI English
Languea dgeveolpmenta ndc ultiavtion: alterntaiev approachiensl anguaeg
planning.) Thisb oo,k whicihs maa jorc ontributtiooq nu estoinso fl anguage
plnanin,g conceivoefda nd cpoilmedo n theb asiosf t hea utho'rsm anyy ear's
extensilvaneg uagpel naninign I ndoensia, boftrho ma thoereticaanld a pplide
poinotf v ie,w ism ial eosntei no uru ndertsandinogf languagpel anni,n gin
particuliansr i utationasse ncounteirnem dul tiilnguaalr eaass c haarcetristic
ofI ndnoesiaan do thepra rtosf t hew esterann ds outwhe-sternp artosf t he
GreatePra cifAirce .a
While the auhtahsoh ra da verdye tailkendwo ledgaen de ruditiionnt her elevant
filedsf orm anyy ear,s andh asa pplied hisk nwolegdei np racticlaaln guage
siutationfso ra considbelreal engtohf t im,eh eh ase xpreiencedidff icultiiens
writinag cpormehensiavcec ounotf t hisf ield, becausoeft hee xrtemep ressure
ofh isd ayt-od-ayd uti.e sInt hel ighotf t his, theD epartmeonftL ingutiiscs
int heR esearScchho olo fP acifSitcu dioefs thAeu stralNiaatni onUanli veirtsy,
Cabnerr,a was hvaeprpyyt ob e ablet oo fferA ntoMno elionoa ViistingF ellow­
shipi nt hed epartmefnotrf ourm onthisn l ate1 98,0 soa st om akei tp ossible
forh imt ob e freefdr omt hep resusreo fh isd utieasn dt oc oncentroant e
puttinhgi sv ats knowledagned t he fruoifth si sp racticeaxlp eirence in
languagpel nanintgo p aper, and tpor oducteh em anuscriopftt h isv eryv alauble
boo.k Them anucsripwta sp roduciendI ndnoeisan, andA ntoMno elionop resented
a drafotf e achc hapteirn E ngilsha tr esearscehm inairnst hef rameworokf t he
DepartmentL inogfsu tiicwsh erteh eyw eret hes ubjecto fs cholarldyi scuisosn
byt he partciipnats, andh ea lsod isucssde thec ontenotfst hei ndividual
chapteirnsd etaiwlit hs eniomre mberso f the DepartmeonftL ingsutiicosn a
regulabras i,s ipna rticuTloamrD utto,n DonL aycocakn dD arrlelT ryo.n After
four monotfht sh iswo r,k theI ndosnieanm anuscrwiaptsc opmleetda nda fetr­
wardssub mitteads a disesrtatitoon t heU nievrsiyt ofI ndoensi,a where it was
acceepdt. Aftetrh ep ublicatioofn thIen doensina manuscriapst a book in
IndosnieaP,A CIFILCI NGUISTwIaCsSc hoseans t hec hanneflo rt hep ublication
oft heE nglhi Esditoin, whicihs d itsributweidd eltyh roughotuhtew orlads a
nubmero ft hise xtensilvien gsutiics eire,s soa st ob rintgo thea ttentioofn
schola,r s anodt hercso ncernweidht questoinso fl anguapglea nni,n tghef ruits
oft hea utho'rsm anyy earosf e xtensievxepr eience thiins f ield sotufd yi n
an aroefag realti ngusiticco pmlexyi tlikeI ndoensia.
S.A .W urm
vi
PRFEACE
TheI nodnesialnan guaghea so fetnb eent akeans a ne xample osfu ccesins
languagpel annngi,e speicalliyn i ts functiaosna nationlaaln guag.e Itc an­
notb ed enietdh ati ts plianct eh el ingiusti,c sociaaln dp oliitcalh isotry
ofI ndosnieah asb eenv eryi mportant. Boedntsedt( 196)7,f ore xapmle, taking
a socioliocgalap porac,h hasa ttemptteodd escritbhee r eltaionshbiept ween
then ationlaanlg uagaen dt hep oliitcalmo vemewnhti clhe dt o Indoensi'as
indepdeennc.e KhaidiArn war( 1697)h asd ealtw ithp roblermesl taedt o the
choicoef Malaasyt hen ationlaanlg uagoef u nitiyn Indsoin,ae and the
subsequent rIonldeo noefs aisaa nn o fifcianla tionlaalng uag,e froma socio­
linguistipce rspect.i Hviestoricaanld s ocioilnguistaiscpc etsh avea los been
emphsaisebdy HuseAnb as( 1987), whos tudietdh er oleo f Indoneassia a n
unifyilnagn ugagei nt hei ntra-ethannidic n tracultnuertwaolr kos f
commuincatoni.
Thes imilraityo ft hisw rit'erss tudyt o thet hreteh eessa bovle iesi n
itsi ntereisntl anguagper obleamnsd h owt o solvteh e.m Thed ifefrencwei ll
appeairn t hea pproawchhi cphl acetsh esvea rioupsr obleimnst hef rmaeworokf
a theoroyf p lannionfgd evelopilnangg uasge. Thiss tudayt temtpst o sytsem­
atisteh eb asicco ncepitnst his theor, ybaseodn t hep ratciceo fl anguage
cultivatainodnd evleopmenitn I nodnesitao thep resentti m.e Thiss tudy
develotphse f rmaeworokf a newm odel, whic,h int heo pinion ofw ritthe,e r
integravtaersi oupso intosf v iewo nl anguagpel anniinngt oa morsey stematic
whole. Althouhg thew ritedro esn otw ihs tob e accuseodfo nlyt apmerinwgi ht
termcsu rrentulsye d tihne l ietraturoef l anguagpel nannig,i t ifse ltto b e
neceasrsyi nt hsi wor,k att heo utest, to attemptto definleim itatioonns
meaninogfst erms whicsho maertei muesse di nc onfliicntgw ay.s
Ina dditi,o wnritinign I ndosniena*, thwer iteirs f acewdi thp robleimns
exprsesnigh ist houghitnsa scientivfairci etoyf languag.e Based tohne
belietfh at tdheev eplmoento f sciecnea nd ofs ciae ntfiicv arietoyf l anguage
arei netrdepeenndt, int hisw orka nubmero fI ndoensina termwsi llb e found
usedp erhapfso r tfhier stti met oe xpressc oncepwthos see xrpessoni inE ngilsh
hasa lreday beaegnr eeudp onb ys ocoilingusit.s Thew ritearl sowi shse to
poinotu tt hatt oilinwgi tht hem ateridails cusstehda th adt ob er ecordienda
languagoeft en regarduendd earsd evedl,oh paesb eena creatipvroec esfso rh im.
Int hew ritingpr oecss, thwer itehra sb eenm uchi nfluencbeyd t hei deas
ofH auegn, pai oneeirn t het heoroyf l anguapglea nnin,g whot hroughhi sw orks
hasc olourtehde i nterpretaotfi ovna ritooupsi cisn t hiss tud.y Thew riter's
thinkihnags a los beene nrichbeydt hei nsir�gso fF ergouns, Fismhan, Rubin,
*Theo riginavler sioonf t hisb ooki si nI ndoensina.
vii
viii
Neustuyp,n andJ ernu,d dwhboo,t ht hrohu gpersoncaoln evrastionasn dt hrough
theiwro rkhsa veb eens ourcefso rw hateviesrv aluabilnet hiss tud.y
Natruallayn yd iveerngciefsr omt heiorp inioonnsl anguagpel annitnhga tt he
writern owa dheretso , shalln otb e theirre spoinbisliyt.
A summaroyf s everaclu rrenltan guagpel annitnhgoe rieasn dt hel anguage
plannipnrgo belmsw ithw hicthh eya rec onceerd,n sucha st hep ositioofnt he
�ationlaalng uag,e languagseta ndadrisati,o nand inadeiqeusoa fc languaguese
areg iveinn c hapteIr. Also in tchhiasp tesre veraall tenrativaep proaches
area dvnacedt o conflatthee v arioutsh eoriienst oa ni ntegrsaylts em.
ChapteIrI t aketsh el inet hatl anguagpel annicnogn issst of btahise c
actitviiesf orl anguagdee veplmoenatn dl anguagceu litvati.o nThen arrowing
oft hed efintiiono fl anguagpel naninigs d eemende ceasrsys incteh eraer e
languapgreo blewmhsos es olutiodnos n otd epenodn p lnannig, buto np olicy
deicsio.n sThesep olicdye cisoinsc ans evrea sa startiponign tf orl anguag'e
plannin,g iwhch ini tst urni sf ollowebdy t hep haseosf e xecutiaonnde valua­
tioni na seris eofp rocsees.s To thek nwoledgoef t hew rit,e rthed efining
oft hespeh ase,s wiht theilrim itss harpenaenddc larfiie,d isa newa ppraoch,
whichha sr arelbye end isucssesdy tsemtaically.
Inc hapteIrI ,I whicihs , concerwniehtd po licyd eciison,s thef untciona.l
alolcatioonf l anguagiessd iscusseda laanndug aget ypologyi sp resented which
isb aseodn t hes ocionlgousiticr oleso fl anguagiensm ultiilnguaslo ciieets.
ChapteIrV, whicdhe alwsi ht thed eveplmoenotf languacgoeed s, discusess
thep rolbem fromt hrepee rspecets:i cvreatioofna writingt esm,y sstanddaisra­
tio,n andmo dernisaotni. Becausteh eC entrfeo rL anguaCguel tivatainodn
Developm(enuPts atP embinadaann P enegmbangBaanh aas)c oncentraotne lsan guage
standardisaitniI onondn esitao da,y dae scirptioonf d igolssiias aol isncluded
whicehx plaitnhse p aradotxh atI ndoensina isc onsideeraesdy t o learbny some
peoplwehi leo therpsu t it thienc ateogryo fl anguagwehsos er uelsa re
dififcultt o lear.n Thea specotf l anguagmeo drenisatiiosn nocto nsidear ed
separaftiee dl which bec eanfe fctewdi thouptl nanin.g
Them ains ubjcetd isucsseidn t hef inaclh apteirs tcheu ltivatoifo n
languaugsee. Togethweirht thed evleopmenot ft hel anguagceo de wiitl l
becomec leatrh ati fd eveplmoenet fofrtsa res uccefsuslt heyw illm aket he
nativsep eakearw arteh atl anguahgaes b otha ni ntirnsifcu ncotni, asa system
ofr eferenccoen ncetintgh e worlcdo nocfe pttosv erbasly mobl,s and also
socila funcotnis, whicahr ec ommunicati,v eexpressive, andi ntegrat(imSviet h
1937). Althougthh ec ommuinctaivef unctiiosna dmtitedliyt sp rimarsyoc ial
funtcio,n iti sn ott heo nlyf unctioofnl anguag.e
Theb ookbsy F ismhana ndC obarbriusa (9183)a ndE atsman( 9183)d escrbiing
the lataedsvta nciensl anguagpel naning hnaodtb eenp ublisheyde tw hent his
manuscriwpats a leradyc ompelteds oi tw as npoots sbilet oi nclduet hemi n
thiswr iterd'iss ucssoin.
Theraer em anyp eoplteo w homI am indebtfeord thceo pmletioonft his
wor,k whicwha so riginaslulbymt ited aa dsi ssearttiotno t heU nivresiyt of
Indosnie.a Thosew hog avem e morals upoprt, otshew hop rovidmeed w ith
invaluaabldev ice and tshheairkren do wledwgieht me, andt hosew hop rovided
thef innacialp posruta ndm any cfialitiweisl la lwaybse r ememrbeeda ndt hanked
for. I feelpa rticulairnldye btteodm y proomtorPsr ofessoArmsr aHn almi,
HarsyWa. B achtiaannd S tepheAn.W urm.T o Dr TomD utto,n Dr Don Laycock
ix
andD r DalrlrT eryo,n wIo ulld iket oe xprsesm y sincerger attiudef ora cting
asa dvsiorsa ndf rienddusr ing fmoyu r-montsht ayi n Spr1i9n8g0 a tt he
AustralNiaatni onUanli evrsiyt,C abnerr.a ProfesosrsK oentjoonrinagtr,
HajratiS oebad,i Iohrom,i J.W.. VMerhaar, andD rE ddyM asimnbaowf orr eading
thsi mancursipatn d ftohrie rc onscientcioommuenst s.
I am alsov eryg rateftuol D rW imS tokhfo,w hoa ctaully dniodt watnot
bem entionehde rea,s m y morals upportera ndf ore ditnigt hisp ublciati.o nMy
thanka�l os go to· thea utohritioesft hef acul,t PyrofessoDrr MahaMra rjdoon,
ProfessoDrr S uujdi, andGo ndomon,o S.S,. M.A,." ofrt heihre lpa nd tahpep roval
of my stluevdaey.
FinallI yw oulldi keto exprsesm y sinceraep percitaiont oA hmadJ ayusman
AlmaE .A lman,a LringM atsa,y Lois Carritnogn aanldl t hes tafoff the
DepartmeonftL ingiusti,c RsesearScchh ool Paofc ifSitcu deis, the Atursalni a
NationUanli evristy, ftohre itre chnichaell; p to all my colleagueast t he
FacultoyfL ette,r Usnivseirtyo fI ndnoesifao rt heisro ildaritiynt emoprraily
sharimnyg t eachilnoga ;d andt oa llt hes tafoff P usaBta hasoaf t he
Departm.eofn tE ducatiaonnd Cultwuhrosee a tttiudea ndw ork habveee n the
soruceso fi nspiratfioornt hei deaisn clduedi nt hef ollowinegx potsiio.n
A.M.M.
Moeliono, A.M. Language development and cultivation: Alternative approaches in language planning.
D-68, x + 144 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986. DOI:10.15144/PL-D68.cover
©1986 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative.