Landscape Architecture Documentation Standards: Principles, Guidelines, and Best Practices PDF
Preview Landscape Architecture Documentation Standards: Principles, Guidelines, and Best Practices
Landscape Architecture Documentation Standards Page: i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page: v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Page: vii SECTION 1 Establishing the Foundation Page: 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Page: 3 BACKGROUND Page: 3 Landscape Architects as Interdisciplinary Leaders Page: 3 ELEVATING AND UPGRADING DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES Page: 3 Young and Evolving Page: 4 A Diverse Profession Page: 4 Wide-Ranging Quality Levels Page: 4 PURPOSE OF THE BOOK Page: 4 INTENT OF THE GUIDELINES Page: 5 OBJECTIVES Page: 5 Orientation Page: 5 Project Management Page: 5 Quality Management Page: 5 High-Quality Built Projects Page: 6 Reduced Liability Page: 6 HOW TO USE THE BOOK Page: 6 Potential Applications Page: 6 Organizing a Complete Set of Landscape Architecture Documents Page: 6 Preparing a Project Work Scope and Associated Fee Page: 7 Establishing Content for Individual Documents Page: 7 Establishing Graphics for Individual Documents Page: 8 Conducting Design Reviews Page: 8 Conducting Quality Assurance Reviews Page: 8 Conducting Interdisciplinary Coordination Page: 8 Literature Review—Defining the Need Page: 8 Chapter 2 DOCUMENTATION PRINCIPLES Page: 10 ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES Page: 10 Design and Documentation Synergies Page: 10 Relationships between Documentation Quality and Implementation Quality Page: 11 Documentation Phases, Distinct Purposes Page: 12 Cumulatively Dependent Documentation: Thresholds and Critical Path Sequences Page: 14 Interdisciplinary Alignment Page: 15 Working in Context Page: 16 Chapter 3 OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES Page: 18 EVERYTHING HAS A PLACE: SUBJECT ELEMENTS AND REFERENCE ELEMENTS Page: 18 Singular Purpose Page: 18 Hierarchy Page: 18 Subject Element Details Page: 18 Subject Element Plan Sheets Page: 19 REDUNDANCY IS NOT A VIRTUE: SAY IT ONCE, IN ONE LOCATION Page: 19 Redundancy in Specifications Page: 20 DRAWINGS ARE GENERIC, SPECIFICATIONS ARE SPECIFIC Page: 21 THREE-DIMENSIONAL DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION—NOTHING TO HIDE Page: 21 COMPOSITE DOCUMENTATION—DEFINING KEY RELATIONSHIPS Page: 22 TELL THE MOST WITH THE LEAST GRAPHIC INFORMATION Page: 23 INTERDISCIPLINARY COORDINATION—EARLY AND OFTEN Page: 25 CROSS-REFERENCING CAUTIONS: A METHOD TO THE MADNESS Page: 26 On Drawings Page: 26 Within Specifications Page: 27 TWO OBJECTS CANNOT OCCUPY THE SAME PLACE: INTERFERENCE CHECKING Page: 27 Plan Interference Checking Page: 27 Three-Dimensional Interference Checking Page: 28 ARRIVING AT RESOLUTION Page: 28 SECTION 2 Phases Overview Page: 29 Chapter 4 PRE-DESIGN: ESTABLISHING THE PARAMETERS Page: 30 PURPOSE Page: 30 DOCUMENTATION CHARACTERIZATION Page: 30 Objective (Impartial) Page: 30 Inquiring Page: 31 Exploratory Page: 31 PRE-DESIGN COMPONENTS Page: 31 Key Coordination Needs Page: 32 Typical Pre-Design Coordination Needs (Partial List) Page: 32 Chapter 5 CONCEPT DESIGN: DEVELOPING THE FRAMEWORK Page: 34 PURPOSE Page: 34 DOCUMENTATION CHARACTERIZATION Page: 34 CONCEPT DESIGN COMPONENTS Page: 34 KEY COORDINATION NEEDS Page: 35 TYPICAL CONCEPT DESIGN COORDINATION NEEDS (PARTIAL LIST) Page: 35 Chapter 6 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: ESTABLISHING CONTENT Page: 36 PURPOSE Page: 36 DOCUMENTATION CHARACTERIZATION Page: 36 Measurable Page: 36 Aligned Page: 37 On Message Page: 37 Emotive Page: 37 SCHEMATIC DESIGN COMPONENTS Page: 38 KEY COORDINATION NEEDS Page: 39 TYPICAL SCHEMATIC DESIGN COORDINATION NEEDS (PARTIAL LIST) Page: 39 Chapter 7 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT—DESIGN SOLUTIONS Page: 40 PURPOSE Page: 40 Key Issues Page: 40 KEY DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT PHASES Page: 41 DOCUMENTATION CHARACTERIZATION Page: 42 Explicit Page: 42 Amalgamated Page: 42 Transitional Page: 42 Design Development Best Practices Page: 42 Organizational Discipline Page: 43 DOCUMENT SET MOCK-UP Page: 44 Three-Dimensional Emphasis Page: 46 Decision-Making Accountability Page: 47 The DD-CD Continuum Page: 47 Design to Budget Page: 48 Assuring Design and Documentation Quality Page: 49 DOCUMENT REVIEW PROCESS Page: 50 Planning Page: 50 Reviewing Page: 51 Responding Page: 51 KEY COORDINATION NEEDS Page: 52 Typical Design Development Coordination Needs (Partial List) Page: 52 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS Page: 53 Chapter 8 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION—THE IMPLEMENTATION CONTRACT Page: 55 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW Page: 55 Defining the Documents Page: 55 Purpose and Intent Page: 55 Common Shortcomings Page: 56 DOCUMENTATION CHARACTERIZATION Page: 57 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION BEST PRACTICES Page: 58 Best Practice: Standardized Formatting Page: 58 AIA CAD LAYER GUIDELINES Page: 59 BEST PRACTICE: CONFORMANCE REVIEW Page: 59 BEST PRACTICE: FORMALIZED DRAWING–SPECIFICATION COORDINATION Page: 60 BEST PRACTICE: GRAPHIC DILIGENCE Page: 62 Graphic Rules of Thumb for Design Development and Construction Documentation Page: 62 Construction Documentation Components Page: 63 SECTION 3 Guidelines and Best Practices Page: 65 Chapter 9 KEY DOCUMENTATION PRACTICES Page: 66 DIGITAL ORGANIZATION Page: 66 Folder Structure Page: 66 File-Naming Conventions Page: 68 Layer Naming and Organization Page: 68 Labeling Page: 69 Plotting and Plot Styles Page: 70 COMPOSITION OF A DOCUMENT SET Page: 70 Presentation Logic Page: 71 Construction Sequence Page: 72 Mock-Ups Page: 72 Numbering Protocols Page: 72 Unused Series Page: 72 Sheet Series Page: 73 Small Projects—DD/CD Page: 73 Large Projects—DD/CD Page: 73 Additional Drawings That May Be Required Page: 74 Subconsultant Drawings Page: 74 Supplemental (Resource) Documents Page: 75 Landscape Architect as Subconsultant Page: 75 KEYNOTE SYSTEM—THE BACKBONE OF THE DOCUMENTS Page: 75 Site Detail Keynotes Page: 75 Site Reference Notes Page: 77 GRAPHIC SYMBOL SYSTEM Page: 80 Graphic Symbols Page: 80 Linetype Symbols Page: 81 DRAWING AND SPECIFICATION RELATIONSHIPS Page: 82 Drawings Page: 82 Specifications Page: 82 Specifications: Principles and Practices Page: 83 Basic Organization of the Contract Documents Page: 83 Divisions Page: 84 Best Practices Page: 85 Preparing Specification Sections Page: 86 Producing a Project Manual Page: 86 Methods of Specifying Page: 86 Specification Language Page: 87 Chapter 10 PRELIMINARY DESIGN Page: 93 PREREQUISITES FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN Page: 93 What Are the Components? Page: 93 PRE-DESIGN Page: 94 Client Work Session Page: 94 Internal Project Strategic Kick-Off Meeting (SKO) Page: 97 Coordination and Collaboration Process with Project Team Page: 98 Inventory and Data Collection Page: 99 Project Performance Metrics Page: 99 Best Practices Page: 100 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN Page: 102 Analysis and Evaluation of Baseline Information Page: 102 Project Program Page: 106 Design Intent Page: 109 Principles and Typological Precedents Page: 110 Environmental Analysis Framework Page: 113 Community Analysis Framework Page: 113 Economic Analysis Framework Page: 114 Art Analysis Framework Page: 114 Framework and Parti Diagrams Page: 114 Concept Formation Page: 116 Design Studies Page: 116 Character Imagery Page: 118 Preparation of Perspective Renderings and Other Illustrative Drawings Page: 120 Design Models Page: 120 Construction Budget/Cost Model Page: 123 Phasing Page: 124 SCHEMATIC DESIGN Page: 126 Introduction Page: 126 Cover Sheet—Schematic Design Page: 127 Graphic Recommendations Page: 128 Schematic Design Table of Contents Page: 130 Site Survey/Existing Conditions Plan Page: 132 Graphic Requirements Page: 133 Context Framework Page: 135 Sustainable Design Page: 138 Example of Sustainable Design Process Page: 139 Illustrative Site Plan Page: 140 Graphic Recommendations Page: 141 Site Protection and Removal Plan Page: 143 Site Materials Plan Page: 146 Site Lighting Plan Page: 149 Site Furnishings Plan Page: 153 Materials Palette Page: 156 Site Grading and Drainage Plan Page: 165 Tree Planting Plan Page: 168 Shrub and Groundcover Planting Plan Page: 172 Planting Palette Page: 176 ILLUSTRATIVE VISUALIZATIONS Page: 181 Perspective Renderings Page: 181 Illustrative Sections and Elevations Page: 184 Sketch Details Page: 186 Preliminary Project Descriptions Page: 191 Site Cost Model/Construction Budget/Estimate of Probable Construction Costs Pre-Design, SD, DD, and Page: 198 Chapter 11 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS Page: 202 Purpose Page: 202 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT TITLE BLOCK Page: 203 Landscape Architect’s Standard Title Block Page: 203 DESIGN DEVELOPMENTCOVER SHEET Page: 206 Objective Page: 206 General Requirements Page: 206 Specific Requirements Page: 206 Graphic Requirements Page: 211 Best Practices Page: 211 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION COVER SHEET Page: 215 Objective Page: 215 General Requirements Page: 215 Specific Requirements Page: 215 Graphic Requirements Page: 217 Best Practices Page: 217 GENERAL SHEETS: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE REFERENCE PLANS Page: 220 Objective Page: 220 General Requirements Page: 220 Specific Requirements Page: 220 Graphic Requirements Page: 221 Best Practices Page: 222 GENERAL SHEETS: CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE REFERENCE PLANS Page: 225 Objective Page: 225 General Requirements Page: 225 Specific Requirements Page: 225 Graphic Requirements Page: 225 Best Practices Page: 225 GENERAL SHEETS: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT KEY PLAN Page: 228 Objective Page: 228 General Requirements Page: 228 Specific Requirements Page: 228 Graphic Requirements Page: 229 Best Practices Page: 230 GENERAL SHEETS: CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION KEY PLAN Page: 233 Objective Page: 233 General Requirements Page: 233 Specific Requirements Page: 233 Graphic Requirements Page: 233 Best Practices Page: 233 GENERAL SHEETS: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT GENERAL INFORMATION SHEET Page: 236 Objective Page: 236 General Requirements Page: 236 Charts and Lists Page: 240 Keynotes Page: 240 Graphic Requirements for General Notes Page: 241 Best Practices Page: 243 GENERAL SHEETS: CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS GENERAL INFORMATION SHEET Page: 246 Objective Page: 246 General Requirements Page: 246 Specific Requirements Page: 246 Graphic Requirements Page: 246 Best Practices Page: 246 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PLANT PROTECTION AND REMOVAL PLAN Page: 249 Objective Page: 249 General Requirements Page: 249 Specific Requirements Page: 251 Special Conditions Requirements Page: 253 Best Practices Page: 254 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION PLANT PROTECTION AND REMOVAL PLAN Page: 258 Objective Page: 258 General Requirements Page: 258 Specific Requirements Page: 258 Special Conditions Requirements Page: 258 Graphic Requirements Page: 259 Best Practices Page: 259 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE DEMOLITION PLAN Page: 262 Objective Page: 262 General Requirements Page: 262 Specific Requirements Page: 262 Graphic Requirements Page: 263 Best Practices Page: 265 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE DEMOLITION PLAN Page: 269 Objective Page: 269 General Requirements Page: 269 Specific Requirements Page: 269 Graphic Requirements Page: 269 Best Practices Page: 269 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE MATERIALS PLAN Page: 271 Objective Page: 271 General Requirements Page: 271 Specific Requirements Page: 272 Graphic Requirements Page: 273 Best Practices Page: 276 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE MATERIALS PLAN Page: 279 Objective Page: 279 General Requirements Page: 279 Specific Requirements Page: 279 Graphic Requirements Page: 279 Best Practices Page: 279 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE LAYOUT PLAN Page: 281 Objective Page: 281 General Requirements Page: 281 Specific Requirements Page: 282 Graphic Requirements Page: 293 Best Practices Page: 295 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE LAYOUT PLAN Page: 298 Objective Page: 298 General Requirements Page: 298 Specific Requirements Page: 298 Graphic Requirements Page: 300 Best Practices Page: 300 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE GRADING AND DRAINAGE PLAN Page: 304 Objective Page: 304 General Requirements Page: 304 Specific Requirements Page: 305 Graphic Requirements Page: 312 Best Practices Page: 313 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE GRADING AND DRAINAGE PLAN Page: 321 Objective Page: 321 General Requirements Page: 321 Specific Requirements Page: 321 Graphic Requirements Page: 324 Best Practices Page: 324 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE LIGHTING PLAN Page: 326 Objective Page: 326 General Requirements Page: 326 Specific Requirements Page: 326 Graphic Requirements Page: 328 Best Practices Page: 329 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE LIGHTING PLAN Page: 333 Objective Page: 333 General Requirements Page: 333 Specific Requirements Page: 333 Graphic Requirements Page: 333 Best Practices Page: 333 SITE DETAILS: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT COMPOSITE REFERENCE SECTIONS Page: 336 Objective Page: 336 General Requirements Page: 336 Specific Requirements Page: 336 Graphic Requirements Page: 337 Best Practices Page: 337 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION COMPOSITE REFERENCE SECTIONS Page: 340 Objective Page: 340 General Requirements Page: 340 Specific Requirements Page: 340 Graphic Requirements Page: 340 Best Practices Page: 341 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE DETAILS Page: 342 Objective Page: 342 General Requirements Page: 342 Specific Requirements Page: 345 Graphic Requirements Page: 346 Best Practices Page: 349 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE DETAILS Page: 360 Objective Page: 360 General Requirements Page: 360 Specific Requirements Page: 360 Graphic Requirements Page: 361 Best Practices Page: 361 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT TREE PLANTING PLAN Page: 365 Objective Page: 365 General Requirements Page: 365 Specific Requirements Page: 365 Graphic Requirements Page: 370 Best Practices Page: 371 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION TREE PLANTING PLAN Page: 375 Objective Page: 375 General Requirements Page: 375 Specific Requirements Page: 375 Graphic Requirements Page: 375 Best Practices Page: 375 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SHRUB AND GROUNDCOVER PLANTING PLAN Page: 377 Objective Page: 377 General Requirements Page: 377 Specific Requirements Page: 378 Graphic Requirements Page: 383 Best Practices Page: 384 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SHRUB AND GROUNDCOVER PLANTING PLAN Page: 388 Objective Page: 388 General Requirements Page: 388 Specific Requirements Page: 388 Graphic Requirements Page: 388 Best Practices Page: 388 Strategies Page: 388 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE SOILS PLAN Page: 390 Objective Page: 390 General Requirements Page: 390 Key Distinctions between DD and CD Site Soils Plans Page: 390 Specific Requirements Page: 390 Graphic Requirements Page: 392 Best Practices Page: 393 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION SITE SOILS PLAN Page: 395 Objective Page: 395 General Requirements Page: 395 Specific Requirements Page: 395 Graphic Requirements Page: 395 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PLANTING DETAILS Page: 397 Objective Page: 397 General Requirements Page: 397 Specific Requirements Page: 398 Graphic Requirements Page: 399 Best Practices Page: 402 CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION PLANTING DETAILS Page: 408 Objective Page: 408 General Requirements Page: 408 Specific Requirements Page: 408 Graphic Requirements Page: 409 Best Practices Page: 409 INDEX Page: 413 EULA Page: I
Description:SUPERB EXECUTION RELIES UPON RIGOROUS PROJECT DOCUMENTATION
A project will only be built as well as it is documented. This publication focuses on the key documentation needs of the landscape architectural design and construction documentation process. That includes both "design documentation" and "construction documentation" as well as all that which occurs in the transition from one phase to the other.
Documentation requirements include those components necessary to explore and define design intent, logic, physical proposals, and ultimately, the specific components included within construction and bid documents.
- Discover how proper documentation facilitates every stage of the design process from pre-planning to construction, and leads to a highly resolved built outcome. Understand the principles behind these documentation practices.
- Implement best practices specific to each documentation phase and drawing, from title block and cover sheet design to soil plans and plant protection.
- Organize keynoting systems, cross-referencing and interdisciplinary coordination amongst multiple consultants and vendors.
- Study sample project documents from a leading landscape architecture firm to better understand the elements and benefits of complete and well-coordinated project documentation.
These standards have been time-tested by over 150 designers at the industry leading landscape architecture firm Design Workshop, reflecting a range of project types, including parks, streetscapes, urban spaces and over-structure construction. This guide shares the methods behind the success, to facilitate exceptional built outcomes through principled documentation practices.
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