Landscape architectural graphic standards

578 Pages·2007·70.49 MB·English

by  Hopper

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LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURAL
GRAPHIC
STANDARDS
STUDENT EDITION
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LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURAL
GRAPHIC
STANDARDS
STUDENT EDITION
Leonard J. Hopper, RLA, FASLA
Editor-in-Chief
Smith Maran Architects
Graphics Editor
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
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∞
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Landscape architectural graphic standards / Leonard Hopper, editor-in-chief. — Student ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-06797-0 (pbk.)
1. Landscape architecture. 2. Landscape design. I. Hopper, Leonard J.
SB472.L363 2007
712—dc22
2007013694
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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CONTENTS
Preface viii Brownfields Evaluation 54
Acknowledgments ix Environmental Hazards 55
Wetlands Evaluation 56
Part 1 Resource Inventory and Conservation 58
Sustainable Site Design 60
PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE
CULTURAL FACTORS 68
ARCHITECTURE 1 Historic Landscapes 68
GENERAL 3 SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS 76
Overview of the Profession 3 Crime Prevention through Environmental Design 76
Site Security Planning and Landscape Design Criteria 85
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION 4
Overview of Construction Documentation 4 SITE PLANNING 92
Project Manual 5 Environmental Site Analysis 92
Construction Drawing Layout 6 The Town Planning Process 95
Symbols 8 Rural Village Design 97
Landscape Planning 11 Elements of Urbanism 99
Plan Types 101
ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEGAL 14
Block Types 102
Environmental Review 14 Open Space Types 103
Legal:Permits and Regulations 16 Building Types 106
Spatial Definition 108
PROJECT ADMINISTRATION 18 Frontage Types 109
Project Management 18 Landscape Types 110
Business Administration:Records,Legal,Liability 20 Traditional Neighborhood Design 111
Cost Estimating 23 Site Planning for Fire Protection 113
Bidding 25 Residential Site Planning 114
Construction Observation 26 Residential Density 115
Postoccupancy Evaluation 30 Single-Family Detached Housing 116
Single-Family Attached Housing 117
Part 2 Context-Sensitive Solutions 118
Transit-Oriented Development 120
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES 33 CIRCULATION 127
Vehicular Circulation 127
HUMAN FACTORS 35 Parking Standards 137
Human Nature and Spatial Relationships 35 Parking Lot Design Guidelines 138
Community Participation 38 Parking Space Dimensions 140
Parking Lot Design 141
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 40 Accessible Parking 142
Modifying Solar Radiation 40 Bicycle Circulation 144
Modifying Wind 44 Recreational Trails and Shared-Use Paths 147
Regional Climate 47
Modifying Microclimates 50 ACCESSIBILITY 151
Modifying Air Quality 52 Access to the Outdoor Setting 151
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vi Contents
Part 3
Overhead Structures 327
Wood Decks 329
Wood Decking 337
PROCESS,IMPLEMENTATION,AND
APPLICATION 167 SITE AMENITIES 338
Lighting 338
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS AND
EARTHWORK 169 PLANTING 348
Site Construction Overview 169 Soils:Urban or Disturbed 348
Soil Mechanics 172 Public Planting Design Principles 354
Residential Landscape Design Principles 355
Embankment Stabilization 184
Environmental Effects of Trees 356
Site Grading and Earthwork 185
Site Considerations,Plant Installation Requirements,and Details 357
Cut and Fill Calculations 196
Tree Planting in Urban Areas 361
Planting:Special Considerations 364
WATER SUPPLY AND MANAGEMENT 200
Recommended Ornamental and Shade Trees for Use in Landscape
Subsurface Drainage Systems 200
Design in the Continental United States 365
Surface Drainage Systems 201
Native Species:Upper Midwest 366
Runoff Control Systems 204
Native Plants 368
Wetland Preservation 208
Xeriscape Design 370
Wastewater Management:Graywater Harvest and Treatment 213
Construction Damage to Existing Trees On-Site:Avoidance,
Constructed Treatment Wetlands 214
Protection,and Preservation 372
Plant Maintenance 376
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT 218
Interior Plants 390
Site Design for Stormwater Management 218 Turf 392
Stormwater Hydrology 225 Living Green Roofs and Landscapes over Structure 399
Stormwater Conveyance 228
Stormwater Quantity Control 231 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION 409
Stormwater Quality Control 235
Plaza Membrane Waterproofing Systems over Occupied Space 409
Rainwater Harvesting 239
Therapeutic Gardens 411
Stream Restoration 244
Wildlife Habitat 416
Campuses 421
IRRIGATION AND WATER FEATURES 249
Irrigation 249 HAZARD CONTROL 425
Water Features,Fountains,and Pools 254 Soil Erosion and Sediment Control 425
Fountains and Decorative Pools 257
Garden Structures 258 RESTORATION AND REMEDIATION 431
Ecological Community Restoration 431
PAVEMENT AND STRUCTURES INTHE
Brownfields Remediation and Development 438
LANDSCAPE 259
Sound Control and Reduction 441
Pavement in the Landscape 259
Unit Pavers 261 PARKS AND RECREATION 443
Concrete Pavement 266 Large City Parks 443
Asphaltic Concrete Pavement 270 Small Urban Parks 446
Porous Pavements 272 Waterfronts 449
Stairs,Ramps,and Curbs 273 Outdoor Play Areas 451
Freestanding and Retaining Walls 285 Golf Course Design:Planning and Details 460
Fences and Screens 304 Waste Management 463
Gazebos and Freestanding Wood Structures 323 Solid Waste Collection and Recycling Spaces 463
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Contents vii
Part 4
WOOD 524
Wood and Related Materials 524
MATERIALS 465
RECREATIONAL SURFACES 532
Recreational Surfaces 532
SOILS 467
Soils:Agronomic 467 NURSERY STOCK 537
Nursery Stock Standards and Practices,Shipping and Handling,
ASPHALT 482 Guarantees 537
Asphalt 482
OTHER MATERIALS 542
CONCRETE 486 Greenhouses 542
Geotextiles 544
Concrete 486
Paints and Coatings 545
Concrete Reinforcement:Reinforcing Bars and Wire 501
Environmental and Health Considerations of Concrete 503
EVALUATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND
HUMAN HEALTH IMPACTS OF MATERIALS 548
MASONRY 506
Life-Cycle Phases of a Material or Product 548
Brick Masonry 506
Inputs and Outputs Associated with Building Materials/Products 549
Concrete Masonry Units 510
Green Building Materials Defined 551
Evaluation Tools 553
METALS 512
Metal 512 Index 557
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PREFACE
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is pleased to present the first Landscape Architectural Robert D. Brown, University of Guelph; Meg Calkins, Ball State University; Bruce K.
Graphic Standards Student Edition. This edition is intended to be a valuable Ferguson, University of Georgia; Frederick Steiner, PhD, University of Texas at
resource for students who are in undergraduate and graduate programs in land- Austin; and Daniel Winterbottom, University of Washington. All were contributors
scape architecture and landscape design, as well as horticulture, architecture, to Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards, and each brought valued expertise
planning, and urban design programs. to a different area of the discussion, resulting in the comprehensive coverage
The Student Editionis an abridged version of Landscape Architectural Graphic achieved in the Student Edition.
Standards. It focuses on the practical, how-to aspect of landscape architecture, Furthermore, the creation of the complementary Web site to the Student Edition
and bridges the gap between the theory of landscape architecture and the practi- (www.wiley.com/go/landscapearchitecturalgraphicstandards) made it possible to
cal skill set. The broad spectrum of topics covered in the Student Editionmakes provide additional material, which could not be included in this abridged volume,
it relevant to a number of courses throughout the typical academic career. Its con- due to size constraints. The Web site also enabled the development of supplemen-
tent also makes it an excellent choice as a required text in professional practice, tary material for both students and instructors, which, together with this book,
design, technology, environmental studies, and planting design, among other constitute a comprehensive and unique learning and teaching resource.
fields of study. My thanks and appreciation go out to the Editorial Advisory Board, one of the
The basis for the choice of topics to include in the Student Editionbegan with a brightest and most thoughtful group of individuals with whom I have ever had the
survey of accredited landscape architectural programs, as well as many related pro- privilege of working. I also want to thank my wife, Frances Hopper, who helped
grams in other disciplines. Course syllabi were reviewed and evaluated, to help handle the administrative duties, and Patrick Weisel, one of my graduate students in
determine the most appropriate content for the publication. The evaluation process the Masters of Landscape Architecture Program at City College, who performed a
also identified material that would qualify the Student Editioneither as a primary or great deal of the preparatory work that made our task easier. My thanks also to
strong secondary resource for a wide range of required coursework. Lauren Poplawski, Kathryn Malm Bourgoine, and Amanda Miller of John Wiley &
The process of deciding which topics to include was, understandably, a difficult Sons, whose support, patience, and gentle guidance shepherded this book from
one, for all the material addressed in Landscape Architectural Graphic Standardsis idea to finished project.
important. To accomplish this task, the decision makers had to identify, first, those
topics that would be most relevant for a student and, second, those courses for LEONARDHOPPER, RLA, FASLA
which the Student Edition would likely be a required text. The task was made man- Masters in Landscape Architecture Program
ageable by an excellent and thoughtful Editorial Advisory Board, composed of a School of Architecture, Urban Design and Landscape Architecture
carefully selected cross section of highly respected members of academia: Dr. City College of New York
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